· The Measure of Culture: A Potential for
Stability in Human Heterarchical Alignment
mailto:scaaron@istar.ca
Abstract:
Complexity is a plotting of environmentally distinguished interactions, in various codified forms, stable or not as defined by the observors. (Kauffman, 1993) (Lorenz, 1995) Culture as the orientation or environment formed by human limitations, and technologies exists in various states of stability . Culture as an end of the 20th century orientation is now continually fractured from its groundings and asking for new ones. Complexity and self organization theories introduce process and aligning orientations, focusing more on the actions of a continuum, culture becomes the distinguishing of a stable fit, not the retainer and shaper of events that actually produced the environments for viewing chaotic systemic limits. Increasingly self organization is seen as variously pinpointed actions. Culture as the source of human survival, can now be regulated by technology to a degreee where the needs of the indvidual are more homeostatically, or holistically distiguished. The notion o f ift within a regulated or monitored culture exists. It portends new orientation in human endeavor, - concepts linked to percepts, freeing of the bounds of consciousness from the grounding of semantic environments for stability . The limitations in our notions of "creativity", "transmission of innovation" and "culturgen" (Lumsden and Findlay,1988) can be pursued within heterarchies of the engaged actions of technologies and humans. Mechanisms such as ritual, emotional decision processes and value systems are reassessed Society as hypertrophied structures (Wilson, 1978) are less reified and more continually refined and balanced. Humans now exist in tandem with technology that redefines and shares our coordinates for existence adapt to us and create an orientation in a continuum of supported action.
References
Kauffman, Stuart. (1993.)The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution New York , Oxford University Press.
Lumsden, C.J., Findlay, C. S.(1988) Creative Mind, San Diego, Academic Press.
Wilson, Edward O. (1978) On Human Nature -Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Lorenz, Edward, (1995)The Essence of Chaos, London,University of Washington Press.
· Panel: Mathematics and Metaphor in Chaos
Theory
mailto:aksd@uwwvax.uww.edu,abrahamfd@aol.com
mailto:RROBERTSON@worldnet.att.net
Abstract:
Which is most central: the mathematics of non-linear dynamics or the metaphors that underlie the mathematics? Or is metaphor closer to the appearances, but mathematics closer to the underlying reality? Or perhaps both are inextricably intertwined. For aren't mathematical symbols themselves systematized metaphors, and isn't mathematics a specialized prose? What can mathematical prose describe and what is left over that math can't describe (as Lacan apparently asked)? What is the synergy between mathematics and metaphor? This panel will circle around these issues drawing on a variety of topics, both from chaos theory/complexity and from areas less familiar to "chaoticians."
· Dynamcal Systems Theory and Pedagogical
Practice
mailto:janea@vt.edu
mailto:pdoo@mail.vt.edu,pdoo@vt.edu
Abstract:
Educators have relied on a variety of theories on which to base pedagogy. Thorndike's and Skinner's behavioral learning theories influenced the teaching/ learning process for over 50 years. In the 1960s, the information processing approach, as developed by a variety of researchers, brought the mind back into the learning process. In the area of cognitive development Piaget's theory was dominant until Vygotsky's concepts were introduced to American educators in the latter part of the century. Recently, the Human Genome Project has stressed the roles of genes in all aspects of life including 80% heritability of cognitive ability according to Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin (1994). Although some of these theories provide effective strategies for pedagogical practice, none of them furnish the underlying principles responsible for differences among students in cognitive development and learning ability. Dynamic Systems Theory offers a unifying theoretical approach to explaining learning and cognitive development. Dynamic Systems Theory also provides the metaphors and models for educational psychologists and educators to examine subtle practical changes that occur in the classroom setting. This paper, written by a group of educators and educational psychologists, focuses on how Dynamic Systems Theory can be applied to teacher training, classroom practices, and student learning.
· Resolving Perceptual Ambiguity in the Necker
Cube: A Dynamical Systems Approach
mailto:aksd@uwwvax.uww.edu
Abstract:
We use a dynamical systems approach to assess how the human visual system resolves perceptual ambiguity. Three sets of subjects observed the Necker cube for 15, 30 and 60 minute periods during which they pressed a key each time they perceived a change in orientation of the cube (i.e., top-left vs. bottom-right). Manipulations of binocular disparity served as a parameter to control perceptual stability. Low depth conditions yielded more perceptual reversals than intermediate and high depth conditions. Linear and non-linear time series analyses were performed on time intervals between reversals. Data show 1/f (pink noise) was predominant in high depth conditions and white noise was predominant in low depth conditions. These results suggest that depth information may guide our perceptual system into a self-organizing system allowing us to resolve ambiguous information. Such pink (1/f) noise is intermediate between brown: 1/f2 and white: 1/f0 noise, and possesses the important property of self-similarity at all scales. This pattern of behavior is thought to be characteristic of efficient coding systems (Field, 1987) and adaptive complex systems with emergent properties (Gilden, Thornton, & Mallon, 1995).
References
Field, D.J. (1993). Scale-Invariance and Self-Similar 'Wavelet' Transforms: An analysis of Natural Scenes and Mammalian Visual Systems. In M. Farge, J.C.R. Hunt, J.C. Vassilicos (Eds) Wavelets, Fractals, and Fourier Transforms (pp.151-194). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gilden, D.L., Thornton, T. & Mallon, M. (1995). 1/f noise in human Cognition. Science, 267, 1837.
· Art as a Self-Organizing Complex System
mailto:medvinsky@venus.iteb.serpukhov.su
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to show that an art is a self-organising system close to critical (unstable) states. The following aspects of self-organisation in artworks will be considered: 1. Criticality: different notions of instability, borrowed from natural sciences can be applied to different artworks and different kinds of art (Lyapunov instability in choreography and circus, Nash instability in entertaining genres (detectives, adventures, etc.), self-organized criticality in landscape painting, unstable (frustrated) interpersonal relations in plays by W. Shakespeare, etc.). It will be shown that great many artworks, including well-known masterpieces, exist near critical points or at critical point itself. 2. "Virtual phase transitions" and critical slowing down in artworks will be discussed using catastrophe theory concepts and methods (plot development in fables, "character invasion" in acting, "Pygmalion effect" in visual arts, mask as a cultural phenomenon, etc.). 3. Rhythm and synchronization in artworks (poetry, choreography, singing, etc.) and rhythmical nature of comic emotional reactions will also be considered. 4. Artworks at the edge of chaos and order (power law and long range correlation in human writings) will be discussed.
References
1. Igor Yevin. Synergetics of the Art. Moscow, Lada, 1993 (in Russian).
· Unraveling the Paradox of the Incongruent
Perspective
mailto:kenbausch@mindspring.com
Abstract:
It is impossible for an organism to understand the procedure of reproducing and increasing complexity that we ascribe to it. Our descriptions create the paradox of the incongruent perspective. Understanding the difference between information-about an organism that we possess and the information-for that the organism uses is a useful first distincition in unraveling this paradox. The understanding of cognition proposed by Maturana, Varela, Luhmann, Bickerton, Kampis, and Goertzel further help us to construct a logical progression from information-for to information-about.
Statement of the Paradox
For an organism, its complexity does not exist "out there." It exists out there only for us as observers and describers. It is impossible for the organism to understand the procedures of reproducing and increasing complexity that we ascribe to it. Our descriptions create the paradox of the incongruent perspective. This paradox is evident in all explanations that try to explain the activity of component-systems in terms of categories that are imputed to be at work within them. When the emergence of cellular life is explained as the conjunction of hypercyclic reproduction in a polymeric solution and compartmentalization within that solution (compartmented hypercycle (Eigen)), no inference can be drawn that the involved polymers are aware of what they are doing; but there is some physical memory involved because the lack of such memory would make progressive complexity impossible. Similarly, when Acrasiales ameoebas congregate to form slime molds under the influence of cyclic AMP (cAMP) that then release spores that generate new amoebas, the amoebas are not aware of their need to reproduce, the effects of cAMP, the environmental factors that lead to the bifurcations in this process, or the cellular chemistry that keep them alive (Prigogine and Stengers, 1984, pp. 156-159). In human social interactions, this paradox is observed in the differing attributions given to behavior by the actors and observers of that behavior. When a man is driving in traffic with his mate, for example, the man is intent on negotiating traffic while his mate often thinks that he is driving recklessly for some motive, such as, to prove his masculinity, to impress her, or to punish her.
CONCLUSION
By combining the views of several systems theorists, the paradox of the incongruent perspective has been unraveled. This unraveling reveals a logical string of evolution from organic knowledge to conceptual knowledge. It invites an extension backward into realms not explored in this paper which are described by Laszlo and Kauffman among others. It adds to our conscious understanding of our unconscious knowledge.
· Genesis of Complexity Cycles
mailto:janblack@NMSU.Edu
Abstract:
The Austrian Economic perspective argues that the driving forces behind market growth are the entrepreneurial decisions and activities (Kirzner, 1979) and the diffusion of the knowledge revealed and created by the entrepreneurial activity (Lachmann, 1977). Any one entrepreneur's attempt to coordinate resources, products and customers is counter-balanced by the dissemination of knowledge. Using Austrian economics as a basis, this paper theoretically traces cycles of complexity by taking a closer look at the entrepreneurial and rent-seeking behavior of firms and the effect of this behavior on the overall marketplace. In describing the cycles of complexity in the market, we will argue that entrepreneurial firms actually operate in markets of high equivocality, but low complexity. Their entrepreneurial and rent-seeking behavior serves as attractors causing other firms to enter the market place. As these entering firms compete in this market, they engage in uncertainty reduction activities which over time result in an information explosion. This information overload causes a return to high equivocality but now in an environment of high complexity. The market place is not characterized by a state of equilibrium but rather by a series of disequilibria. Thus, the individual attempts by firms to reduce uncertainty and/or equivocality (Daft & Lengel, 1986) result in market level non-linearity, aperiodicity, and unpredictability.
· Quantum Computing and Models of
Consciousness
mailto:DonBooker@aol.com
Abstract:
NA
· Detecting Chaos in Financial Time Series
Using Validation and Verification Methods Drawn from Expert Systems and Neural
Net Modeling
mailto:DonBooker@aol.com
Abstract:
The design, construction, implementation verification and validation of expert systems and neural net models frequently involve nonlinear dynamical systems models. Techniques developed for the validation and verification of this class of models are applied to modeling and detecting chaos in several sets of standard financial time series data.
· Controlling Chaos in Software Development
Project Management
mailto:DonBooker@aol.com
Abstract:
Common models used in software development project management and quality assurrance, including the Putnam, Norden-Raleigh, Boehm and Tureck-Maddneck exhibit nonlinear system dynamics and potentially chaotic behavior. This is born out in practice where many large software development projects exhibit "chaotic" behavior in both an analytic and phenomenological sense. Use of programming language based metrics drawn from the software science approach (Halstead) for project control allow for the application of insights drawn from chaos theory. Simulations show that "controlling chaos" is feasible using both a qualitative and quantitative approach to the management of large scale programming projects.
· Chaos and Nonlinearity in Oil Markets
mailto:Svetlana.A.Borovkova@opc.shell.com
Abstract:
Analysis of the stock markets time series has lately attracted much attention. Many authors tried to establish presence of chaotic and nonlinear features in these data, see e.g. the popular books by Peters (1994, 1996). Commodities markets data, like oil prices, however, have been studied much less, and we would like to direct our attention to them. Oil is the world's most traded commodity, and its price is extremely volatile. One of the specific features of trading in crude oil and oil products is that often not the outright prices are important, but the differences between two prices, the so-called spreads. These can be differences between prices of two different months future contracts, two brands of crude oil, or between crude oil and a refined product, such as gasoline. We perform a number of tests for presence of low-dimensional chaotic dynamics and nonlinearities to the time series of both outright prices and spreads. Our analysis is based on new theoretical results on the asymptotic behaviour of sample correlation integrals, that can be used to provide confidence bounds for them and for the estimates of the correlation dimension.
As an alternative method we also consider bootstrap techniques. It turns out that there is visible difference between the behaviour of the spreads and the outright price time series: spreads show greater evidence for nonlinearity and lower dimensionality than the outright prices. Further, we compare the behaviour of the daily and tick-by-tick price time series (i.e. prices registered with intervals of few minutes or even seconds), testing by this for self-similarity and fractal nature of the underlying dynamics.
· Using Ensembles of Short Time Series to
Study the Nonlinear Dynamics of Behavioral Data
mailto:Barbara.A.Frey@vanderbilt.edu
mailto:keith.n.clayton@vanderbilt.edu
Abstract:
Nonlinear dynamical tools have been applied to a variety of fields, ranging from physics to economics. A nonlinear dynamical perspective can address an area of behavior that tends to be ignored; namely, behavioral variability under seemingly identical conditions. From a nonlinear dynamical perspective, trial-to-trial behavior is treated as a time series and it is this trial-to-trial structure that is of interest. The issue is how should the time series structure be accounted for. If there are nonlinear characteristics in the time series, they may only be visible using nonlinear dynamical statistics. However, most nonlinear tools require very long time series. This paper discusses using ensembles of time series in conjunction with a number of nonlinear dynamical tools to mitigate the limitations due to time series length. The presentation will review nonlinear dynamical characteristics that are exploited by the time series ensemble technique. The technique is tested using generated data sets. Preliminary findings suggest that the ensemble method can improve the performance of nonlinear dynamical tools.
· Clinical Dynamics Workshop
Abstract:
This full-day workshop will translate theoretical aspects of nonlinear dynamical systems theory into guidelines that can be used in assessing and treating psychotherapy clients. It draws on the expertise of numerous clinical contributions and shows how tha background can be applied to utilize chaos theory. Also, linking chaos theory with existing psychological theories and establishing areas of clinical pursuit emphasizes the relevance of the new science in providing more flexible and useful models for understanding human behavior. Individual, family, and group situations will be considered.
Michael R. Butz, Ph.D. is clinical psychologist in private practice in the Cornerstone Behavioral HEalth Center, Evanston, Wyoming, USA. He is the author of, "Chaos and Complexity: Implications for Psychological Theory and Practice;" co-editor of " Clinical Chaos: A Therapist's Guide to Nonlinear Dynamics and Therapeutic Change" (with Linda Chamberlain); and co-editor of "Strange Attractors: Chaos, Complexity, and the Art of Family Therapy (with L. Chamberlain and W. McCown).
· Process Analysis of Heart Rate Variation:
New Empirical Measures of Novelty, Complexity and Diversity.
mailto:lsabelli@rush.edu
mailto:hsabelli@rush.edu
Abstract:
Here we present a method to study creative processes through consideration of a substantive issue, heart rate variation (HRV). Process theory postulates that (1) natural processes have creative components; 2) creative processes result from interactions between opposites; and (3) natural processes include as simple components the steady states, periodicities, chaos, and biotic patterns generated by the process equation At+1 = At + (g * At). The process method (1) examines naturally changing and interacting processes (not only stationary episodes), (2) investigates opposition through the analysis of differences (from phase portraits to measuring the entropy of differences up to the tenth difference), and (3) measures patterns in 1, 2, 3 ... N dimensions with the recurrence method using 2 to 500 embeddings (instead of considering only low dimensional attractors). Novelty is operationally defined by lower than random recurrence rate. Diversity is measured by the coefficient of variation and the slope of the entropy vs bin number (logarithmic scale) regression line. Complexity is portrayed by recurrence patterns, and measured by recurrence entropy. Cardiac beat intervals as well as economic data produce transient, high dimensional, novelty-filled patterns of recurrences, reflecting ongoing behaviors and interactions --as contrasted to low dimensional static attractors that become evident when transients die away.
· Therapeutic Fantasy Puppet Play: A Clinical
Illustration of the Process Method with Abused Children
mailto:lsabelli@rush.edu
mailto:hsabelli@rush.edu
Abstract:
NA
· Toward Therapeutic Autopoiesis: Chaos,
Complexity, and Narrative Therapy
mailto:M-Chen@neiu.edu,H-Chen@neiu.edu
Abstract:
Western tradition of psychotherapy tend to preoccupy itself with disorders, codifying clients' problems in a language of disease and abnormality. Underpinning this view of human pathology is the Newtonian determinism within psychology that privileges positivism, linearity, and reductionism. The language of pathology inadvertently leads to unnecessary feelings of shame, powerlessness, and stigmatization in clients, further alienating those who have already suffered. To reverse this pathologizing process, this paper offers an alternative view to the turbulence experienced by clients that bring them to therapy.
Grounded on theories of chaos, complexity, and self- organization, this paper reconceptualizes the meaning of chaos in client systems, re-casting chaos as a state of maximum readiness for a client system to evolve itself into a higher level of adaptability and complexity. Therapeutic change - second-order change - is traversed by chaos. Linking the notions of chaos and self-reorganization to therapeutic re-narrating, therapists will learn how to use narrative therapy to reconstruct meanings in the therapeutic dialogue. Armed with narrative techniques, therapists will learn to search for previously unnoticed or forgotten autopoiesis outcomes amidst clients' problem-saturated self narratives. As autopoiesis becomes a means toward therapeutic ends, clients' positive possible selves become more accessible.
· Complexity Theory and It's Application to
Organization Design: Focus on NK Model
mailto:choich@kdccs.kwandong.ac.kr,choich@kwandong.ac.kr
Abstract:
The concept of complexity which has been dealt with until now has been defined as the degree of differentiation, which can be categorized as horizontal differentiation and vertical differentiation. One of the newly emerging New Science Movement is complexity theory. Complexity theory deals mainly with computational complexity which has been neglected in organization studies. As early as in 1962, Simon (1962; 1978) had touched upon the problem of computational complexity and bounded rationality in terms of needle search in haystack, and the resulant difficulty in finding global optima rather than satisficing at local suboptima on the fitness landscape, even though it's not so much an elaborated model as Kauffman's NK model. However he did not yet elaborate on how to solve this problem. Kauffman (1996; 1995; 1993) suggests NK model which can be applied to social system at large including organizations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of adaptive organization in terms of finding global optima across the many possible design spaces on the fitness landscape. Designing an organization is no simple task. From Mintzberg's (1979) five classes of structure, one can generate over a million design alternatives. How does one search such a design space? To illustrate, let us assume that an organizational structure can be defined as functional, divisional, or matrix and as centralized or not and formalized or not. There are then 3*2*2 = 12 possible designs from which to choose. The number of choices grows nonlinearly as the number of organizational dimensions approaches useful realistic proportions. Let us add the choice that the organization could have high specialization or not. The number of choices is now 2*12 = 24. In a structural contingency theory of organization, these design alternatives would need to be evaluated for all possible conditions. In the simple case if ten contingency dimensions and only two values allowed for each, we would have to evaluate twenty-four classes of structures under 1,024 different conditions. When the dimensions and number of variable approaches an useful size for analytical purposes, the choice and evaluation of organizational design alternatives becomes an enormous problem. There is no way managers can handle such a complex choice situation without some order and systematic approach. This paper is a preliminary endeavor to suggest how the insights and methods from complexity theory can be applied to better design organizations.
· The Dynamics of Thought Suppression
mailto:clair@fau.campus.mci.net,clair@campus.mci.net
Abstract:
The current study was designed to empirically assess the dynamic properties of thought suppression. Participants were instructed not to think about a target concept or to think about a specific concept. Participants were asked to verbalize their thoughts as they came to them and tapes were made of these verbalizations. Raters were then asked to graphically track these
· The Role of Environmental Complexity in the
Well-Being of the Elderly
mailto:Alicenvir@aol.com
Abstract:
The purpose of this research study was to explore the relationship between environmental complexity and well-being in the elderly. Photographs of the environments of participants(N =32) living in community and congregate housing settings were analyzed for quantitative and qualitative complexity. The quantitative measure was based on the number of objects and their positions, rotations, shape, texture, motion and pattern. The qualitative measure was obtained from visual analogue ratings. It was found that community dwellers lived in more complex environments than congregate dwellers (p = 0.022). Community participants also had significantly higher cognitive function scores (p = 0.034) and more robust circadian rhythms of locomotor activity (Mesor p = 0.029). Complexity was found to be a quality of the environment independent of aesthetics. While complexity of the environment was positively related to cognitive function and robustness of locomotor activity, aestheitics of the environment was not related.
· Science and Democracy
mailto:ldennard@pmail1.csuhayward.edu,ldennard@csuHayward.edu
Abstract:
NA
· A Study on Chaos Phenomena under the Market
Regulation Mechanism of Marshall
mailto:dxzhang@mail.ouqd.edu.cn
Abstract:
This paper pays attention to the application of chaos theory in economics. Many economic documents gave detailed research on the dynamic system in a pure competition market under Warlas meaning. Providing a nonlinear difference equation, however, this paper constructs a nonlinear model to describe the market with one kind of good under Marshall market regulation and deals with the effect of variants' changes on dynamic activities - such changes can even lead to chaos phenomena. Though obtained under certain conditions, the model mentioned above can give us some inspiration when applied in the research on the relationship between market mechanism and government control in socialist market economy. We know that market regulation plays a significant role in market economy. But government control is also indispensable because is market regulation is not omnipotent and sometimes it may lose efficacy. Policymakers of government have to face some problems when dealing with the relationship between the two. There may be fault and the situations against our wish. So proper policy needs proper time and it is vitally important to choose the appropriate time to carry out the policy.
· An Immune-Type Detector of Differences
Between Distributions
mailto:rdlea@mbox.vol.it,rdlea@tin.it
Abstract:
NA
· A Qualitative Definition of Chaos
mailto:kevin.dooley@asu.edu
Abstract:
Significant advancements have been made in techniques that can be used to determine if a quantitative time series is deterministically chaotic. Simultaneously, there has been interest in applying such dynamical analysis to data collected from social systems. Often however, observational problems lie in the way of successful diagnosis. A dynamical study of a social system can suffer from problems of excessive white noise masking underlying dynamics, significant measurement variation, and lack of a significantly long sequence of data. Because the dynamical label "chaos" has interesting theoretical and practical implications, it would be advantageous if a method existed that could identify a phenomenon as "chaotic" without necessarily requiring extensive time series. While such a method would not be as scientifically exacting as the formal quantitative analysis, it nevertheless could serve useful purposes in development of theory in the social sciences.
This paper presents a qualitative, psychometrically based definition of chaos. Chaos is defined as an abstract concept that can be attributed to a system. A system that is chaotic is defined as possessing several underlying construct dimensions: attractor, nonlinear, exponentially sensitive to small perturbation, convergent, divergent, deterministic, and low dimensional. The links between these constructs and the concept of chaos will be established from a formal mathematical definition. For each of these constructs, a nominal definition will be provided, and a set of Likert-scale items will be presented. Also, linkages between the constructs and other theories in the (example) area of organizational behavior will be made explicit. Finally, a research plan will be presented that would validate the measurement scales and test their reliability.
· Complex Constructivism: A Theoretical Model
of Complexity and Cognition
mailto:pdoo@mail.vt.edu,pdoo@vt.edu
Abstract:
Pedagogy is often derived from the application of basic theoretical constructs that have proved useful in their ability to explain and predict a variety of classroom learning phenomena. Current pedagogy is rooted in constructivism, the notion that learners construct their own knowledge from their experiences. Constructivism has indeed proved useful in focusing pedagogical practices on the learner and the learner's development and adaptation What constructivism lacks is its own foundation. How does a learner construct knowledge? What influences this construction process? How is adaptation embodied in the construction process? These questions are fully addressed within the domain of complexity theory. Complexity theory can provide an underlying and unifying foundation to constructivism. Complexity theory provides a framework from which to understand the construction process of determining regularity from randomness, the resultant compressed schematic constructions, and the selection pressures exerted that influence construction and adaptation. Each of Gell-Mann's (1994) 10 properties and Holland's (1995) seven basic elements of CAS is addressed in detail in the complex constructivism model. In addition, both theoretical and practice issues are addressed. Finally, complex constructivism has a very broad influence, relating to any and all domains that involve teaching and learning.
· A CAS Approach to Public Policy Decision
Making
mailto:eoyang@chaos-limited.com,eoyang1@mindspring.com
Abstract:
Public leaders depend on the appearance of certainty and stability to maintain their positions and power. To sustain this explanatory model, they lead the public to believe in the rationality of their decision-making processes. The general perception is that good decisions result from well-designed processes, carefully adhered to. They are based on thorough and thoughtful analysis of trustworthy data. Any public employee should be able to describe in detail the sanctioned decision-making process.
Reality does not, however, match perception. The same person who describes the official, rational decision-making process will probably find it difficult to cite a single instance of its successful use. The reality of public policy decision making simply does not match the assumptions or constraints of the linear, predictable, common decision models.
An alternative approach to public policy decision making is proposed. Assumptions and protocols of the approach are based on dynamics of complex adaptive systems. By acknowledging the nonlinear, iterative, high dimensional nature of public policy issues, the CAS approach allows policy makers and analysts to adopt a more realistic view of the decision making process.
The paper includes a critique of current problem solving approaches, an outline of a CAS protocol for decision making, and an application of the protocol to a case study involving healthcare funding and delivery in Minnesota.
· Attractor Regimes in Conversations
mailto:eoyang@chaos-limited.com,eoyang1@mindspring.com
Abstract:
Conversation is a highly interactive, agent-based phenomenon. The dynamical interaction of persons during a conversation may result in emergence of complex attractor regimes similar to those identified in physical systems. Linear and nonlinear time series analysis is one way to detect and record the emergence of dynamical attractors, but the perceptions of participants may provide an alternative, a qualitative method, to distinguish among emergent conversational patterns. As individuals listen, think, and speak during a conversation, they perceive patterns of interaction and intervene to shape the emerging patterns. Through the observation and intervention of each participant, complex patters of relationship emerge over time. Participants in conversations may or may not articulate their perceptions of the emergent conversational patterns. The purpose of this study is to develop a survey instrument to help participants make explicit their experiences of conversational dynamics and to compare and contrast participants' assessments of their conversational experiences. The paper will address the following questions:
* What survey design would allow conversational participants to describe their experiences of conversations in terms of attractor regimes?
* In what ways will a participant use categories based on attractor regimes to distinguish among conversational experiences?
* What are the similarities and differences among participants' experience of the dynamics of the same conversation?
· How Brains Make Meanings and Represent them
for Purposes of Communication Between Brains
mailto:wfreeman@socrates.berkeley.edu
Abstract:
NA
· Chaos, Cosmology and Three Concepts of
Emergence
mailto:cgillett@titan.iwu.edu
Abstract:
NA
· EXPLORING THE ATTRACTOR BASIN OF MIND:
Chaopsychological Lessons Learned in Building a Self-Organizing Internet AI
System
mailto:ben@goertzel.org
Abstract:
NA
· Riding the Waves of Emergence: Self
Organization in the Workplace
mailto:goldstein@sable.adelphi.edu
Abstract:
This workshop will present theory, strategies, and tools for how to apply the phenomenon of emergence in self-organizing, complex systems to businesses and institutions. We will look at the development of the idea of emergence from the first half of the twentieth century, its scientific and philosophical critics, lessons to be gleaned from these critiques, and the re-birth of emergentism in recent research into complex systems. The emphasis will be both philosophical and theoretical as well as practical. The theory side will look at emergence as an explanatory construct in studying organizations; and the practical side will deal with how emergence and self-organization can utilized by leaders, consultants, and other organizational practitioners.
Topics will include:
· Emergent Evolutionism;
· Problems with Early ideas of Emergence;
· Characteristics of Emergent Phenomena;
· Identifying Emergence;
· Emergence: Process and Outcome;
· Opening-up the Black Box in Neo-emergentism;
· Snares that Accompany the Construct of Emergence;
· Predictability and Unpredictability of Emergence;
· Creativity Research and Emergent Phenomena;
· Innovation, Radical Novelty, and Emergence;
· Channeling Emergent Phenomena in Constructive Directions;
· Emergence, Coherence, Conformity, and Conflict; Guidelines for Leaders.
Jeffrey Goldstein, Ph.D. is currently Associate Professor in School of Management and Business, Adelphi University; Past President of the Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences; and author of The Unshackled Organization: Facing the Challenge of Unpredictability Through Spontaneous Reorganization; and consultant to many public and private organizations.
· Theoretical Foundation for Jung's Mandala
Symbolism
mailto:galita@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
Abstract:
The mandala as psychological phenomena appear spontaneously in dreams, in certain states of conflict, and in cases of schizophrenia [1] . The main goal of this presentation is to give a theoretical explanation and a mathematical model for computer simulation of mandalas, based on the mechanisms of biochemical reactions in a human brain and on discrete chaotic dynamics mathematical models. The discrete dynamics of physicochemical reactions is a new theory based on the analogy between the (-Theorem of the theory of dimensionality, the principle of maximum entropy and the stoichiometry of complex chemical reactions[2,3]. Application of this theory to the spatiotemporal behavior of complex biochemical reactions has revealed symmetric patterns (see picture) similar to the mandalas presented by C.G.Jung in his book "Mandala Symbolism" [1]. This theory has also been shown to possess the ability to generate complex oscillations, that may be used for mathematical modeling of EEG and ECG and of living systems dynamics in general [4,5]. According to the results obtained, when the human brain is generating mandalas, it can be regarded as a complex _biochemical reactor that creates different images reflecting its internal state (or the distribution of chemicals and their biochemical interactions) and all these processes based on the laws of nature.
References
1. C.G. Jung. Mandala Symbolism, Princeton University Press, 1973.
2. V. Gontar, New Theoretical Approach of Physico-Chemical Reactions Dynamics with Chaotic Behavior. Chaos in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edited by R.J.Field and L. Gyorgyi, World Scientific, 1993.
3. V. Gontar, Theoretical Foundation for the Discrete Dynamics of Physicochemical Systems: Chaos, Self-Organisation, Time and Space in Complex Systems ,Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 1997, Vol.1, No.1, 31-43.
4. V. Gontar, Discrete Dynamics for Mathematical Simulation of Living Systems, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 1997, Vol. 8, No.4, 517-523.
5. V. Gontar, M. Gutman, et.al, ECG Simulation Based on a New Mathematical Model of Dynamics. MATHMOD, Vienna, Austria, 1994.
· Hysteresis: An Index of Treatment Progress
Abstract:
Several dynamic systems researchers and theorists have incorporated the notion of bifurcation points in their attempts to conceptualize clinically significant change. Most often, bifurcation points in therapy are thought to emerge after several sessions of intervention, usually indicating an abrupt shift in personality organization. The current study examined bifurcations in a clinical setting, but from a substantially different perspective. The focus of this pilot project was on within-session 'hysteresis' or the system's latency to bifurcate real time. The study involved two parent-child dyads who were referred to a treatment program for aggressive children and their parents. Every two weeks over the course of treatment, each parent and child was asked to discuss and solve a previously established conflict topic for 10 minutes. After 7 minutes, dyads heard a knock on the door; they were previously informed this signal meant they had 3 more minutes to wrap-up their conversation. The knock was the reparation cue - a perturbation designed to shift the dyad into a more facilitative, positive state, and the point from which hysteresis was measured. Interactions were videotaped and coded for coercive/facilitative cognitive content and emotional intensity. One session from the early and one from the late stages of treatment were selected and state space grids were employed to identify attractors that self-organized before the reparation cue. Then, time-sequential analysis was used to determine the degree of hysteresis following the onset of the reparation cue. Preliminary results indicated that hysteresis was greater in the early compared to the late sessions; through treatment, dyads seemed to be better able to shift from an emotionally negative, coercive dyadic attractor to a more positive one.
· Fractal Geometry: A Useful Tool for
Quantifying Liver Irregular Lesions in Needle Biopsy Specimens
mailto:fabio.grizzi@humanitas.it
Abstract:
Despite the growing interest in biochemical and molecular techniques, liver biopsy specimens remain an essential tool not only in order to confirm the diagnosis but also exclude the presence of other lesions. A number of semi-quantitative scoring systems have been developed and applied for the assignment of numerical scores to different histologic features supplementing verbal descriptions in routine diagnostic practice. However, these systems are subjective and characterized by an high intra and inter-observer variability. The irregular shapes of many lesions studied in pathology cannot be quantified by means of the classical geometry, which is limited to considering regular structures in terms of their topological dimension. However, irregular forms can be explained in terms of fractal geometry. Fractal geometry make it possible to quantify complex forms by means of the fractional parameter of fractal dimension which is a measure of the space-filling properties of the structure. This study uses fractal geometric analysis to quantify the irregular liver structures seen in biopsy specimens (i.e. the reticular fibre patterns that identify the sinusoidal microvascular framework, the active collagen synthesis during chronic liver disease or the abnormal accumulation of lipids into hepatocyte's cytoplasm). Fractal dimension allows the quantification of small structural changes due to some pathological process, including lobular alterations due to viral or toxic disease. It has also been found that the fractal dimension measured using an image analysis system (Computer Liver, Ansible, Italy) is fully reproducible and not subjective. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that it is possible to quantify the irregularity of the hepatic structures and that the study of their fractal properties is likely to reveal more about the pathogenesis of liver diseases.
· Cusp Catastrophe Model for Turnover Among
Air Force Recruits in Their First Term of Enlistment
mailto:6155GUASTELL@vmsb.csd.mu.edu
Abstract:
The objective of the project was to determine the possible merits of the cusp catastrophe model for two-stage personnel selection when applied to the prediction of performance and turnover among airmen during their first term of enlistment. The cusp catastrophe model is a nonlinear dynamical process that describes discontinuous changes of events where there are two stable state of behavior and two control parameters involved. In the application to two-stage selection, the model tracks change in work performance and turnover from an early stage to a later point in time when the organizational assimilation process has completed (e.g. after training). It requires two sets of predictor variables: abilities, which contribute to the asymmetry parameter, and motivation or interest variables, which contribute to the bifurcation parameter.
Data for this project consisted of 59,397 airmen for whom the necessary performance and test scores were available. A random sample of 5038 cases was taken from that population for calibrating the model. Performance was tracked over a period spanning 6 months to 2.5 years of service. Success, poor performance and turnover were successfully modeled used the polynomial statistical equation that characterizes the cusp catastrophes, such that an R-sq. = .30 was obtained for the cusp, which compared favorably to .21 obtained for the next best linear alternative, and .02 for a convention linear approach to the problem. The advantage of the cusp was sustained under cross-validation, which was based on ten repeated random samples of 1000 cases each.
Use of the cusp selection model can save the Air Force between 5 and 180 turnover and poor performance cases per thousand recruits; exact values depend on how stringently the cut-off score on predicted performance is set. The hit rate and false positive trade-off function is also given in this report.
· Symbolic Dynamic Patterns of Verbal
Exchange: Hierarchical Structures in an Electronic Problem Solving Group
mailto:6155GUASTELL@vmsb.csd.mu.edu
Abstract:
A spontaneous scientific creative problem solving discussion, which had transpired across a listserver, was captured and content-analyzed according to two protocols. One protocol centered on social interaction and the second pertained to problem completion behavior. Data were analyzed for topological entropy and dimensional complexity with a hierarchical variation of the symbolic dynamics procedure that was first introduced by Guastello, Hyde, and Odak (1998). The principal findings were that (1) There was a greater prevalence of clarification and initiating (particularly creative) behaviors; they were presumably liberated by the unblocking effect that tends to characterize computer-assisted group discussions. (2) There were complex responses containing up to five conversational elements in Social Interaction scoring system. (3) The two different scoring protocols produced different indicators of string length and entropy. The Social Interaction scoring system produced a 1-dimensional model and string lengths of two responses. The Problem Completion scoring system produced a 1.9-dimensional model and string lengths of three responses. The content of those patterns, which are, in principle, decomposed orbits, is discussed. The results of the study overall support continued and larger scale investigations into conversational patterning in various types of problem solving.
· A Dynamical Analysis of Action Selection in
the Laboratory Mouse
mailto:guillot@wotan.ens.fr
Abstract:
A functional analysis of behavioral sequences, recorded on 10 laboratory mice during 12 hrs, established the existence of two independent strategies of action selection (Guillot & Meyer, 1997). On the one hand, the choice of ultradian alternations of rest and activity bouts makes it possible, for every mouse, to maximize its net energy gain over day or over night. On the other hand, the succession of acts performed within an activity bout might serve to precisely fit the metabolic needs of each animal, because the corresponding results present a great inter-individual variability, leading some mice to increase, but some others to decrease their net energy gain.
To determine what kind of dynamical system could generate such succession of acts in an activity bout and to precise the cause of its variability, we performed a nonlinear time series analysis of the energy costs related to the acts displayed by the mice in an activity bout (Figures 1 & 2). The results given by a nonlinear forecasting method and a statistic comparison with surrogate data suggest that the time series are not generated by a linear stochastic process and that a chaotic dynamics might be involved in action selection in mice (Figures 3 & 4). Thus, the variability mentioned above could be a consequence of a sensitive dependence on initial conditions associated with such a process, allowing mice to rapidly adapt their metabolic needs to the ongoing situation.
The paper referenced above (Guillot & Meyer, 1997) can be load at http://www.biologie.ens.fr/AnimatLab (in: publications en ligne)
· The Emergency of Psychiatric Diagnosis: ADHD
mailto:hagberg@loa.com
Abstract:
This paper describes the emergence of a specific category of psychiatric diagnosis as an complex phenomenon. Drawing on specific ideas from social theory and anthropology, this paper contextualizes the notion of scientific psychiatric diagnosis as an emergent cultural phenomenon. The paper describes and applies a specific complex model to the emergence of what is now called Attention Deficeit/Hyperactivity Disorder. That emergence is traced through the medical, academic and popular literature that surrounds the diagnosis. The paper demonstrates the utility of non-linear models in approaching complex phenomenon, in this case ADHD.
· Treasury Yield Curve Dynamics: Stability
& Transition in Investor Perception
mailto:halaszmf@worldnet.att.net
Abstract:
The U.S. Treasury securities "yield curve (YC)" (%yield vs.maturity date) shows the premium demanded by investors (at a given market "moment") to lend funds for varying times. Thus a positively sloped YC reflects a perception of possible inflation or of better opportunities in equities. YC dynamics were studied empirically (Summer 1997-Spring 1998). YCs being nearly loglinear, a (scaled) slope (S) of a regression line to a (z-scored) %yield/ln months maturity plot was calculated market daily. Week-to-week dynamics of mean S (Sm) per market week were studied in a phase-plane (Sm, 1st differences). Trajectories were impulse response-like, downward Sm excursions (associated with equity market breaks) being followed by (partial) rebounds. A slower transition toward "flatter" YCs was observable. Within-week standard deviations (sd's) of S were studied as measure of percept stability/instability. Increased sd's were associated in 1997 with sharp downward Sm excursions and in 1998 with an equity market top. Frequency distribution of 2nd differences was skewed suggesting two trajectory regimes: `inertial' motion punctuated by `accelerated' motion. Branscomb's "resilience" concept, combining disturbance-resistance with adaptivity, is applied to investor perception of time's `salience.'
· Synchronicity: A Transpersonal Dynamical
Process
mailto:101515.2411@compuserve.com
Abstract:
Carl Jung and Wolfang Pauli introduced the concept of synchronicity as meaningful coincidences that reveal interconnections at a distance between people, and between people and events. Dubbed 'acausal', these interconnections seem to develop independently of einsteinien space-time and to transcend causal mechanisms. The semantic fields model views individuals' minds as lattices comprising numerous semantic constellations (SeCos); the latter are dynamical self-organizing networks that interact with each other. As a dynamical system, the whole SeCo may be viewed as an attractor basin; the most recent organizational structure of the SeCo (the end-product of its latest activation process) displays the trajectories taken through the state-space. The model further poses a semantic dimension distinct from spatiotemporal dimensions and having its own parameters. One such parameter, semantic proximity, allows network linkage between people's lattices independently of their spatial distance. This linkage is brought about through interface-SeCos that are created in the course of their normal interactions. A dynamical process of chain-linkage and semantic processing may be triggered by strong similarities between one person's current experience and SeCos in the other person's lattice. This spontaneous activation of connections between their lattices may produce synchronistic events such as a seemingly "chance" encounter at a crucial moment.
· Local Rules and the Adaptive Behaviours of
Agents in Fitness Landscapes
mailto:linchpin@surf.net.au
Abstract:
Local Rules are the adaptive behaviours of agents in fitness landscapes. These rules are adopted to maximum pay off for the local agent (Holland, 1989, Kauffman, 1989, Huberman & Hogg, 1993, Feldamn and Nagel, 1993 ). Haslett (1997) found that the same set of local rules developed independently in a number of geographically dispersed mail sorting centers in Australia. Catastrophe analysis indicated the conditions under which the rules were applied. This paper examines conditions in which a set of local rules was developed to provide maximum pay off for the local agent and then maintained when these conditions changed and the local rules ability to provide maximum pay off had disappeared.
A large shopping complex charged fees for its carpark after the first two hours of parking. Ninety five percent of all parkers left the park in under two hours, thus avoiding paying fees. The shopping centre then introduced parking fees for the first two hours.The shoppers deserted the carpark but after three months there was a drift back which continued until the carpark reached previous usage rates. However, the pattern of usage remained the same; Ninety five percent of all parkers still left the park in under two hours. The local rules had persisted under apparently different circumstances. Catastrophe analysis will be used to identify the change in parking behaviour and interviews will be used to determine the reasons why the two hour pattern has persisted and to examine whether some local rules may be learned and continue when they no longer constitute maximum pay off for the local agent.
References
Feldman, B. & Nagel K. (1993) Lattice Games with Strategic Takeover 1992 Lectures in Complex Systems (eds. Nadel, l. & Stein D.) SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Lect. Vol. V. Addison-Wesley, 603-614
Haslett, T.R. The Application of Local Rules in Self Ordering Systems. Paper presented to the 1997 Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences, Milwaukee, August, 1997.
Holland, J. (1989). Using Classifier Systems to Study Adaptive Non Linear Networks Lectures in the Sciences of Complexity, (ed Stein, D.) Addison Wesley Longman, 463- 499.
Huberman, B. A. & Hogg, T. (1993). The emergence of Computational Ecologies 1992 Lectures in Complex Systems (eds. Nadel, l. & Stein D.) SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Lect. Vol. V. Addison-Wesley. 185-205.
Huberman, B. A. & Hogg, T. (1993). Better than the best: the power of cooperation 1992 Lectures in Complex Systems (eds. Nadel, l. & Stein, D.) SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Lect. Vol. V. Addison-Wesley, 163-184.
Kauffman, S.A. (1989). Principles of Adaptation in Complex Systems. Lectures in the Sciences of Complexity, (ed. Stein, D.) Addison Wesley Longman, 527-618.
Kauffman, S.A. (1989). Adaptation on Rugged Fitness Landscapes. Lectures in the Sciences of Complexity, (ed. Stein, D.) Addison Wesley Longman, 619-712.
· No Sign of Low-dimensional Chaos in the
Foreign Exchange Market
mailto:rhoeh@routh.ucsd.edu
Abstract:
This paper examines whether the well-known nonlinear dependence found in almost all foreign exchange markets can be interpreted as evidence for the existence of low-dimensional deterministic chaos. Calculations of the correlation dimension and a nonparametric test to reject the chaos hypotheses are applied to ten import currencies. The results lead unambiguously to the conclusion that there is no evidence for deterministic structures in the first moment and therefore forecastability, even with methods such as neural networks or semiparametric approaches, remains questionable.
· The Acquisition of Syntax: a Dynamical
Systems Approach to Generative Linguistics
mailto:Hohenberger@lingua.uni-frankfurt.de
Abstract:
In generative language acquisition research Functional Categories (FCs) (verbal and nominal INFLection, DETerminers, COMPlementizers, CASE features, WH-feautures, etc.) are identified as the locus of syntactic parametrization. Languages differ with respect to which values of the parameters are set; besides parametric differences, languages all respect universal principles. The correct setting of the syntactic parameters is achieved during language acquisition and relates to corollary syntactic phenomena such as word order, movement, sentence types, embedding, +/- pro-drop. The mapping of the Primary Linguistic Data (PLD) onto the core grammar of a language is a self-organizational process exhibiting dynamical features such as bifurcations, oscillations, inter-as well as intra-individual variation, bootstrapping. It can be modelled as a fractal trajectory from the initial state Si (Universal Grammar, UG) through a series of liminal states Sj until the attractor of the steady state Ss is met. Empirical evidence for a dynamical account embraces among others
-- the acquisition of case morphology
-- verb placement in a Verb Second (V2) language (German)
-- syntactic surface blends
-- proto-functional categories (functional neologisms)
Implications from these data for a dynamical account of language acquisition
are discussed.
· Simple Versus Complex Systems in Personality
Psychology
mailto:A6212NAP@PCSERV.UNIVIE.AC.AT
Abstract:
Personality is a reciprocally-interactive complex system. Currently, there exists a theoretical and philosophical problem in the field of personality research. Historically, there have existed multiple personality theories, disagreement about the degree to which alternative theoretical conceptions can be integrated, and an absence of theoretical tools for deciding about the integratibility. The major debate between the two disciplines of personality psychology (Cervone, 1991), the trait/dispositional approach versus the social-cognitive approach, is analogous to a persistent theme, simplicity versus complexity, found in science and philosophy. Some trait/dispositional theorists even argue that personality can be understood through broad and general laws (McCrae and Costa, 1997) and that social-cognitive models are too complex.
Simple systems (e.g. the "big five"), emphasizing singular variables, fail to show cross-situational coherence in action, behavior, and personality (Cervone, 1995). The distinction between these approaches has received attention both within the psychological literature on personality (Cervone, 1991; Kroger and Wood, 1993; Mischel and Shoda, 1995) and in the Philosophy of Science (Shaffer, 1996). This paper attempts to present a semi-novel solution, shown in the philosophy of science literature on alternative models of scientific explanation, to the theoretical and philosophical problems involving simple and complex systems in personality psychology.
· Adaptation as a Complex System
mailto:A6212NAP@PCSERV.UNIVIE.AC.AT
Abstract:
Adaptation and the adaptive behaviors are central themes and of practical importance in the study and function of personality. Several personality researchers have attempted to apply these themes in their theories studies, but have failed. Adaptation, a term that is too often used and misused, is an important non-linear, dynamic and complex concept and system involved in the evolution of man, the survival of the species, and is, perhaps, the most important aspect in the survival of international exchange students when living abroad.
Different levels of adaptation -- social, cognitive, and physical -- were investigated in American and Austrian international exchange students at various points of time. A concrete defintion of the concept of adaptation is presented. A multitude of theories, philosophies, methodologies, and approaches were integrated into this research. An idiographic study was designed to join the two disciplines of personality psychology (Cervone, 1991) #NAME? The research investigated the importance of self-schemas, evaluated context/situational specific behaviors and actions, and measured levels of perceived self-efficacy in the international exchange students. Positive perceived self-efficacy was predicted to help students in adaptive behavior and the adaptation process.
· Comparative Analysis of Neural Behavior by
Means of Informational and Algorithmic Measures of Complexity
mailto:jimm@mail.udlap.mx
Abstract:
Commonly employed mathematical tools in time series analysis are distribution-determined measures. These include the relative frequency of a specified behavior, the mean rate, the variance and other statistics. However, these determinations are insensitive to the sequence of the behaviors. Hence, the need to supplement them with sequence-sensitive measures [1,2,3]. Among others, block-entropies, information content and grammar complexity have proven useful to analyze inter-spike interval trains. For example, in [4, 5] such procedures were used to study single unit spike trains from rat cortical neurons before and during focal seizures. The present communication, extends previous work to other systems. Among these, we discuss pacemaker neurons, which display locked, intermittent and hopping discharge forms formerly analyzed only with classical tools [6,7]. We also determined the complexity measures of quantized inter-keystroke timing intervals of a typical computer user input stream [8]. The measures allow a classification of different behaviors according to the informational content and grammar complexity. Both quantities showed a consistent increase as the randomness of the behavior increased.
· The Application of Vectorial Analysis to
Literature and Drama
mailto:?????ramclay@concentric.net
Abstract:
NA
· Satir's Model from a Process Theory
Perspective
mailto:105251.1734@compuserve.com
Abstract:
Virginia Satir developed a whole approach to the human condition, first as individual psychotherapy, then as family therapy, and then as a program she called, Process Community: Becoming More Fully Human. She viewed each person as a process of becoming, from conception on; and she saw each as having an innate ability to make choices which is discordant with deterministic and probabilistic perspectives. An ongoing chain of choice-making points resembles Feigenbaum's cascade of bifurcations. Also, characteristic of her view is looking at persons not in isolation but interacting, with no separation between intra- and inter-personal. These ideas resonate with process theory which provides the creative perspective in addition to the deterministic and probabilistic, and which also focuses on becoming, interaction, and the mutual penetration of opposites such as intra- and inter-personal. The process theory perspective can enhance the Satir model as an approach to inform and guide clinical assessment, intervention, and further study.
· The Legacy of Gregory Bateson's Double Bind
Theory in Light of Recent Developments in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Modeling
mailto:MKoopmans@aol.com
Abstract:
Purpose of this talk is to examine the contemporary relevance of Gregory Bateson's Double Bind Theory of Schizophrenia, and to discuss its compatibility with recent insights in nonlinear dynamical systems modeling. Double Bind theory argues that the typical symptoms of schizophrenia, such as flattened affect, incoherent thinking and speaking, hallucinations, and delusions, are an expression of contradictory patterns of interactions in systems instrumental to meet vital needs of its members. Such systems typically include the family, and other caretaking environments.
While scholars and clinical practitioners continue to be intrigued by Bateson's ideas, double bind theory has fared poorly in empirical research, in part because of the lack of specificity with which the theory itself was formulated, and also because of misunderstandings in the scholarly community about its dynamical underpinnings. Recent developments in nonlinear dynamical systems modeling have the potential of resolving both issues: they allow for a formulation of the dynamical principles of double bind at higher levels of specificity, which, in turn, makes it possible to make a more convincing case for double bind theory to the scientific community at large.
This paper focuses in two aspects of double bind theory: (1) the feedback relationship between symptomatology and contradictory patterns of family interaction, and (2) Bateson's schismogenesis as a bifurcation of attractors. Bateson has frequently been criticized for suggesting that parents and caretakers ought to be blamed for mental illness in their children. Recognizing the feedback relationship between symptomatology and double bind interactions better qualifies Bateson's point, each participant contributes to a double bind situation. However, symptomatology typically occurs in those who rely most critically on the relational context in which it occurs, i.e., children and adolescents. The feedback concept also allows for the possibility to incorporate constitutional characteristics of the identified patient (i.e., genetic influences) into the model.
Bateson never got around to a discussion of the connection between schismogenesis and double bind interactions. It has recently been suggested in a number of places that a bifurcation of attractors in family interaction occurs in periods of turbulence (e.g., the breadwinner loses his or her job) in which new attractors emerge. Double bind, according to this scenario, is an expression of an orientation to two attractors simultaneously. The conceptualization of schismogenesis as a bifurcation of attractors makes this crucial concept in Bateson's theory better accessible to empirical research. Moreover, it provides a missing link in double bind theory, which has thus far not concerned itself with the question where double bind interactions come from in the first place.
· The Plot Thickens: Experiencing the
Complexity of Change in a Secondary School
mailto:dkosemetzky@oise.utoronto.ca,dkosemetzky@oise.on.ca
Abstract:
NA
· Depression as Temporal Pathology: Mood
Scaling via Self-Organized Criticality
mailto:david.kreindler@utoronto.ca
Abstract:
Major depressive disorder [MDD] is a syndrome whose etiology remains unclear. Recent studies of mood variability have noted differences in power-law scaling of mood temporal patterning between controls and individuals with mood disorders. We report here a novel model of that explains such scaling behavior by means of self-organized critical [SOC] dynamics. An SOC system dissipates strain by means of relaxation events that span all orders of magnitude and frequency. We find that transition from normal to MDD scaling can be simulated by changes in the degree of cross-linking, or effective dimensionality, of the semantic space mediating the patient's interpretation of, and response to, stress. The model has a number of implications for the treatment of depression. It suggests that major depressive episodes must be not be considered as isolated events, but rather as aspects of a pathological process distributed in time that impacts mood variation on all time scales and intensities. 'Cause' of an individual mood fluctuation is seen as complex, exquisitely sensitive to an individual's history of stressful events, one's individual pattern of sensitization to stress, and to shifts from higher- to lower-dimensional stress-dissipation processes. Successful treatment should target one or more of these causal processes.
· Statistics and Self-Organization
Abstract:
Traditional statistical tests in the social sciences rely largely on qualitative characterizations of significance imposed on quantitative probability measures. These are used in conjunction with a null hypothesis to provide confirmation (or disconfirmation) of a primary hypothesis. A recent study of self-organization in infant cognitive-emotional development utilizes new methods of data analysis in order to develop a perspective based on dynamical systems theory. This analysis also involved the qualitative characterization of probability values, but instead of merely measuring the distance of individual values from the reference point of a null hypothesis, it was concerned with examining the 'contour lines' in a probability 'landscape'. An arbitrary and obviously false null hypothesis was used simply to determine relative levels of improbability. Instead of using a significance cut-off to test a primary hypothesis, the resulting probability continuum was examined for inflection points, indicating attractors, which could be used as terms in a self-organizational discussion of the data. Questions about the relation of statistical methods to principles of self-organization and dynamical systems theory are discussed, both in relation to this methodology and to psychological research practices in general.
· Fear vs. Belief: A Cusp Catastrophe Model of
Delusions
mailto:RLANGE@smtp.isbe.state.il.us
Abstract:
Classical attribution theory (see e.g., Kihlstrom & Hoyt, 1988) argues that all delusions are the byproduct of a perceiver+s failure to find a "standard" explanation for ambiguous experiences that are personally relevant to this perceiver. Consistent with this emphasis on cognitive factors, two path analytic studies by Lange & Houran (1998a) showed that perceivers+ tolerance of ambiguity affected a negative feedback loop involving fear of the paranormal, belief in the paranormal, and paranormal experiences (see Figure). Later research Lange & Houran (1998b) indicated however that fear is the driving force behind paranormal delusions because high fear levels invert the effect of experience on fear, thereby creating a positive feedback loop in which belief, experience, and fear mutually reinforce each other in a perceptual "contagion" process.
Despite the success of the path models, the present paper tests the hypothesis that some aspects of delusional processes are not adequately captured by linear models. Specifically, the difference between the (normalized) fear and belief measures showed signs of bimodality, and it was decided therefore to model this difference as a cusp catastrophe using tolerance of ambiguity as an asymmetry variable and paranormal experience as a bifurcation variable. Using Guastello+s (1995) regression approach based on averaged composites, an impressive fit (R2 = 0.74) was obtained, and this value far exceeded the fit of two competing linear models (R2 < .21). The excellent fit of the cusp model implies that, at least at high levels of paranormal experience, percipients face the dilemma of choosing between believing in the paranormal or experiencing fear.
It was further found that more complex catastrophe models did not provide an obviously superior fit. Additional tests -- which will provide more conclusive statistical information based on bootstrapping and jackknife procedures -- are currently being performed and will be reported as well.
References
Guastello, S.J. (1995). Chaos, Catastrophe, and Human Affairs. Mahwah: New Jersey.
Kihlstrom, J.F. & Hoyt, I.P. (1988). Hypnosis and the psychology of delusions. In: T.F. Oltmanns & B.A. Maher. Delusional Beliefs: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Wiley, pp. 66-109.
Lange, R. & Houran, J. (1998a). Delusions of the paranormal: A haunting question of perception. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, In Press.
Lange, R. & Houran, J. (1998b). Fear and delusions of the paranormal: A replication and extension. Paper submitted for publication.
· GEMCAT II : A Program for Bootstrap Tests of
Catastrophe Models
mailto:RLANGE@smtp.isbe.state.il.us
Abstract:
This paper describes the GEMCAT II program, which can be seen as a reformulation and extension of Oliva et al.+s (1987) original GEMCAT. Like its predecessor, GEMCAT II can fit any catastrophe model consisting of latent variables as derived from an arbitrary number of weighted "indicators," without requiring any knowledge of the model+s first derivatives. While GEMCAT II has all the functionality of the original GEMCAT, a number of important extensions are implemented. First, a more efficient multivariate minimization algorithm (the downhill simplex) is used which does not require the large amounts of additional storage needed by the original GEMCAT. Second, GEMCAT was written in APL, an interpreted language that seen a dramatic decrease in popularity and usage. By contrast, GEMCAT II is written in Borland+s Delphi V3.0, which is essentially an extension of standard Pascal. Not only is Pascal more widely known than APL, it also has the advantage of being a compiled language -- thereby further increasing execution speed. Third, GEMCAT II does not require any user programming to fit the most widely used catastrophe models (fold and cusp). Fourth, in addition to variables, the latent variables may contain "location" parameters as well as constants. Fifth, cases can be weighted differentially in the analyses. Sixth, and most importantly, GEMCAT II yields bootstrap and jackknife based estimates (see e.g., Efron & Tibshirani, 1993) of all model parameters as well as the fit of the entire model. Thus, it can be determined whether an indicator+s contribution to a latent variable reaches statistical significance. The implementation of options to facilitate competitive statistical model testing is contemplated.
References
Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R.J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Guastello, S.J. (1995). Chaos, Catastrophe, and Human Affairs. Mahwah: New Jersey.
Oliva, T.A., Desarbo, W.S., Day, D.L. & Jedidi, K. (1987). GEMCAT: A general multivariate methodology for estimating catastrophe models. Behavioral Science, 32, 121-137.
· NATO Emergent: Adaptability and Stability in
the Cold War and Beyond
mailto:lewis.317@osu.edu
Abstract:
This paper argues that the linear and static metaphorical imagery traditionally associated with NATO is inappropriate and has limited our capacity to understand the dynamic nature of the alliance itself. Instead it offers a new set of images and vocabulary which will enable us to better envision the constraints which shape NATO as well as the properties that allow NATO to evolve within these constraints. This metaphorical vocabulary is borrowed from new approaches in the physical and computer sciences which explore nonlinear, complex phenomena through numerical computation. These approaches have shown that complex adaptive systems are prevalent in our everyday world, and include such diverse elements as individual humans, the process of biological evolution, and even human social groups. NATO certainly falls into this classification, and it follows that the study of complex adaptive systems, especially through models generated by numerical computation, can provide us with the metaphorical vocabulary and images necessary to more fully understand it. Such a shift in our conceptualization may not enable us to predict NATO, but by seeing it differently we may be better able to understand its present and anticipate its future, and therefore be better equipped to envision the decisions necessary to ensure peace and stability in the post-Cold War era.
· A Dynamic Systems Analysis of Socioemotional
Development in Infancy
mailto:mlewis@oise.utoronto.ca
Abstract:
This study reports on a new dynamic systems method for studying infant socioemotional development, using conventional statistical techniques to portray dynamic systems constructs. State space grids were constructed from two ordinal variables, distress intensity and attention to mother, each measured second by second as they covaried in a behavioral trajectory. Attractors were identified as grid cells with high cumulative duration of behavior. Attractor and state space characteristics were operationalized and tested, using event numbers to denote the sequence of behavioral changes. This was done first to assess the utility of the method and second to reconceptualize and extend conventional hypotheses in developmental psychology. The basin strength and relaxation time of hypothetical attractors demonstrated their "attractiveness" and predicted consistency in attractor location across sessions. Developmental changes and individual continuities in the organization of behavior were also revealed, in ways that would be inaccessible to conventional research methods.
· Scaling Properties of the Time Intervals
Between Arrhythmic Events in the Heart
mailto:liebovitch@walt.ccs.fau.edu
Abstract:
Times between events are classically characterized by determining the mean time between the events. However, when the timing of events is fractal, then the probability density function is a power law, and the mean time and the variance between events is not defined. That is, the mean time will depend on the range of time over which it is measured. We found evidence for such fractal timing in the events that disrupt the regular rhythms of the heart. The interevent times between events of rapid heart rate (ventricular tachyarrhythmia) were recorded by cardioverter defibrillators implanted in the chest for periods up to two years. The interevent times between premature beats (premature ventricular contractions) were recorder by Holter monitors over periods of 24 hours in another group of patients. The probability density function of the interevent times from both types of data had a power law form indicating that the processes that disrupt the regular functioning of the heart produce a fractal pattern in the timing of these events. This also means that the mean rate of these events and its variance will not be good measures to assess the status of these patients and determine the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures.
· Chaotic Analysis of Human Postural Sway
mailto:weilin@ic.sunysb.edu
Abstract:
Previous in-vivo studies of surface strain measurements made from the tibia of standing animals revealed a nonlinear and weakly chaotic pattern. Since a large component of train arises from postural sway, we hypothesized that postural sway must also be nonlinear and weakly chaotic. In this study, long term force moment signals of medial lateral sway were obtained from four human subjects during quiet standing. Data were sampled at 40Hz for 20 minutes using a strain gage force plate (Bertec). False nearest neighbor (FFN) analysis was used to estimate an embedding dimension. FFN fraction was found to drop below 5% at an embedding dimension of four, suggesting that four parameters are sufficient to describe the system dynamics. Physiologic investigations have demonstrated that postural sway is generally controlled by four control loops, represented by the reflex arcs associated with the cutaneous touch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, and the vestibular system. The results of this study suggest that chaotic data analysis of postural sway can reveal the dynamics of these four control systems. To test this assumption, we also conducted sway studies allowing the subjects to touch a support, thereby introducing an additional control loop. Under this condition, FFN fraction increases by 50% at an embedding dimension of four, as compared to the case of no hand support. These preliminary analyses indicate that chaotic data analysis may provide a unique and useful means for studying both normal and pathologic postural control.
· Mass Behavior as Chaotic Dynamics to Display
Democracy and Dictatorship
mailto:lkxjq@public1.ptt.js.cn
Abstract:
NA
· To Be or Not to Be: The Self, Fractal Boundaries, and Paradoxes of Self-Reference
Abstract:
NA
· Animal Spirits' and Expectations
mailto:elliott@marketscience.com
Abstract:
A test is made of the Michigan Survey Research Center data for consumer expectations and consumer sentiment to determine if the distributions of first differences are stationary individually or cointegrated. It is determined that a cointegrated variable is stationary, suggesting that confidence/expectations formation is a cointegrated process which is stationary. The cointegrated distribution arises from the effects of other variables from the environment.
· TBA
mailto:dmiller@maccs.dcss.McMaster.CA
Abstract:
Dr. Sulis describes a phenomena involving cellular automata which he named TIGoRS (Transient Induced Global Response Synchronization) in many of his research papers [list]. It is not known how or why this synchronization occurs. This paper is intended to shed some light on why TIGoRS occurs. This project extends the work described in the 1993 paper by Dr. Sulis [reference].
An idea of how this occurs is investigated for any indication of validity. It may be that the way in which the input is applied interacts with the local automaton rule in a way which will permit a prediction of the input activity level required and the number of time steps to synchronization. When the random input is applied, the automata is, in a sense, reset to a random or semi random state. The effect could be close enough to restarting the automata that the output pattern will of necessity appear random. It may be that the eventual synchronization relates to how sensitive the response of any given automaton is to its initial conditions.
The procedures to be executed include repeating the initial study with a modern random number generator to eliminate the effects that a poor generator may produce. At the time the original study was done, little awareness existed of the poor quality of then popular random number generators. The automata will be updated synchronously and asynchronously.
Some variation of how the input is applied will be attempted. The idea that I have is the input in some way "stamps" the two automata and brings them closer to being identical. What may actually be seen in the output of the two automata is the transient. I think the speed and likely hood of synchronization depends on the length of the transient, the sensitivity to initial conditions (may be why chaotic class rules are so difficult to synchronize), and as already noted the activity level of the input. This is unlikely to be an exhaustive list. There are a number of different comparisons between the inputs and the automata which can be assessed for usefulness.
· Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Ultradian
Rhythms and Chaos: a New Paradigm
mailto:SusanMirow@aol.com
Abstract:
Dysregulation of ultradian rhythms is hypothesized to underlie and explain the cyclic, oscillating, bidirectional nature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and its spatiotemporal unfolding. Dysregulated ultradian rhythms acting as biological transducers are hypothesized to underlie and explain the intergenerational transmission of PTSD.
Ultradian rhythms, biorhythms shorter than 24 hours, function as timekeepers for a great range of micro to macro biological processes. Highly conserved, in single cells they coordinate activities such as gene expression, respiration, feeding and reproduction. In complex organisms, bundles of ultradian rhythms couple (entrain), acting as clocks whose oscillations time diverse functions at all levels from cell to whole organism, including social synchronization. Coupling and uncoupling of ultradian rhythms within and between people allow for complex adaptations to a changing environment.
Dysregulation of ultradian oscillating systems is best described by chaos theory, in which disease in defined as a loss of organizational complexity- showing movement toward a less complex, chaotic system. PTSD is characterized by a loss of organizational complexity, and biorhythms manifesting chaotic organization. Oscillations produced by overwhelming stress dysregulate the body's ultradian rhythms toward chaos, manifesting as alterations of sleep, hormone levels, behavioral sensitization and kindling. Dysregulated ultradian rhythms moving toward chaos have been described in seasonal affective disorder, active states of depression and bipolar illness. They have been shown to predict other clinical outcomes: sudden death by cardiac arrhythmia or pending epileptic seizure.
Using the paradigm of PTSD as a chaotic, less complex organization of ultradian rhythms, explanations can be offered for previously puzzling data such as low cortisol levels, high activity levels in abused children, etc. A mechanism can be hypothesized for spatiotemporal unfolding of the trauma response and the biphasic nature of PTSD (bifurcation toward chaos). Quenching, and other electrophysiological, pharmacological or psychological interventions that entrain ultradian rhythms in predictable ways may offer treatment for PTSD. The clinical relevance of this model is described.
· The Study of Dynamic Attitudes to Economical
and Political Reforms in Russia
mailto:MITINA@psych1.ps.msu.su
mailto:Petrenko@psych1.ps.msu.su
Abstract:
The collapse of the USSR, political and economic reforms carried out in Russia have resulted in the enormous changes of its citizens' political mentality. In our research which we have been doing from the 1994 till our days we studied the dynamic of Russian citizens' attitude to the political and economic reforms. The research, including over 1,000 respondents from 8 regions of the country, was conducted by constructing semantic spaces on the basis of causal attribution. The subjects evaluated by a gradual scale the extent to which certain social reforms (for instance, privatization or the collapse of the USSR), social institutions (the President, the Parliament, the Government), various political parties and their leaders were responsible for certain economic and political consequences for the life of the country. The data matrices have been subjected to factor analysis and each political object of scaling got place in the multidimensional semantic spaces. As we have been performing such measurements several time, it's possible to speak about longitudinal research and to study the dynamic of attitudes and to see how it changes. With this purpose we used the dynamic chaos theory, differential equations for model's constructions.
· Determinism and Positivism in the
Applications of Chaos, Complexity, and Nonlinearity in Policy Analysis:
Prospects for a Paradigmatic Shift
mailto:morcol@mindspring.com,gmorcol@ksumail.kennesaw.edu
Abstract:
This paper critically assesses the applications of chaos, complexity, and nonlinear dynamical systems theories in the policy analysis literature and discusses Kiel's (1992) and others' claim that such theories herald a paradigmatic shift in policy studies. The old paradigm in policy studies is deterministic and positivistic; a new paradigm should represent a shift away from them. Positivism is defined, in this paper, as a set of empiricist epistemological beliefs whose one of main elements is the use of deductive-nomological methods for prediction (Keat & Urry, 1975; Hempel, 1970). Determinism, which provides the necessary ontological assumptions for a positivistic epistemology, is defined in terms of Kellert's (1993) four layers: differential dynamics, unique evolution, value determinateness, and total predictability.
There are two types of applications of chaos, complexity, and nonlinearity theories in the policy analysis literature: simulation studies and empirical studies that search for the "fingerprints of chaos." The simulation studies reaffirm the generally known characteristics of nonlinear systems: that the same set of quantitative relations can generate qualitatively different regimes of behavior and that internal dynamics of systems are culpable for generating chaotic behaviors. Although these are significant changes from the beliefs of the old paradigm, they only challenge the fourth layer of determinism total predictability--in Kellert's framework. The empirical studies of fingerprinting chaos are more diverse in their applications and implications. While in some studies (e.g., Kiel & Elliot, 1992) return maps are used as heuristic tools and deductive methods are criticized, in others (e.g., Priesmeyer & Baik, 1989; Priesmeyer & Davis, 1991) the deductive-nomological methods of the old paradigm are applied (e.g., phase plane diagrams of empirical data are tested against mathematically-generated ideal models and the deviations from such models are treated as "errors").
It is concluded that the diverse applications and interpretations in the literature do not add up to a paradigmatic shift in policy analysis, but the questioning they have started may lead to an evolutionary accumulation toward an eventual paradigmatic shift.
References
Hempel, C. G. (1970). Fundamentals of concept formation in empirical science. In O. Neurath, R. Carnap, & C. Morris (Eds.), Foundations of the unity of science: Toward an international encyclopedia of unified science (pp. 651-746). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Keat, R, & Urry, J. (1975). Social theory as science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Kellert, S. H. (1993). In the wake of chaos: Unpredictable order in dynamical systems. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kiel, L. D. (1992). The nonlinear paradigm: Advancing paradigmatic progress in the policy sciences. Systems Research 9(2), 27-42.
Kiel, L.D., & Elliot, E. (1992). Budgets as dynamic systems: Change, variation, time, and budgetary heuristics. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 2(2): 139-156.
Priesmeyer, H. R., & Baik, K. (1989). Discovering the patterns of chaos. Planning Review 17(6), 14-21.
Priesmeyer, H. R., & Davis, J. (1991). Chaos theory: A tool for predicting the unpredictable. The Journal of Business Forecasting 10(3): 22-28.
· Regularity and Randomness in Physiological
Tremor
mailto:morrisos@VMSVAX.SIMMONS.EDU
Abstract:
Tremor has been described as a random or noise-like characteristic of the human motor system, a view partly based on an inability to discern any observable pattern in this oscillatory signal. It has also been suggested that there is some structure in the tremor signal but that traditional analysis and methodological practices have not permitted direct examination of this issue.
The structure of tremor was examined by recording oscillations from the upper-arm segments of neurologically normal individuals during a postural task. Analysis techniques used included correlation and coherence analysis, and a measure of approximate entropy (ApEn). Results showed a definite structure in the tremor signal for each limb segment although the pattern of regularity varied between segments. It was concluded that tremor represents a deterministic output of the human motor system.
· Complexity and Freedom: A Study in Their
Evolving Relationship
mailto:73052.1236@compuserve.com
Abstract:
This presentation will address the author's hypothesis that complexity and freedom are actually coextensive with one another, particularly when we are speaking about intelligence as manifested in individual humans, their societal structures and hypothetically in any collective or common form of intelligence that might be forthcoming as a result of creative human intelligence giving birth to extra human networks of intelligence. An historical look will be taken at the evolution of human social structures with a view to discerning how those structures have fared in direct proportion to their quotient of mythological instruction vs emerging awareness, acceptance and utilization of freedom in ever growing lateralized relationships within those structures.
A particular focus will be upon this juncture in history and the great opportunities for preparing the way for new emergent structures to arise if humans can manage to shed a large proportion of their a priorized mythological instruction and engage in their experience of the world out of the joy of their freedom rather than the dread of it that has characterized most of human history to this point. As time allows, implications for many areas of human experience i.e., political organizations, psychology, psychotherapy etc., will be addressed.
· Dynamical Evolutionary Process of Learning
and the Function of Intelligence (D.E.L.I.)
mailto:norens@badger.jsc.vsc.edu
Abstract:
Intelligence is the function of the communication process that transmits and recieves information. Learning is the process of assimilating and adapting information into schemata by the process of encoding, combing, and comparison of information. Intelligence and learning are complex adaptive systems, as described by Murray Gell-Mann. The function of intelligence as a communication process is based on Claude Shannon's Mathematical Theory of Communication.
The process of learning by assimilation and adaptation of information by encoding, combining, and comparison of information is based on the work of Jean Piaget and Robert J. Sternberg. There are three general factors of intelligence: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. These three general factors function as complex adaptive systems and are interdepedent of one another. These general factors of intelligence are based on the work of Benjamin S. Bloom and others.
There are eight specific factors of intelligence, as described by Howard Gardner as multiple intelligences. These specific factors of intelligence are interdependent of the three general factors of intelligence. Creativity and percception are complex adaptive systems that function in the communication process, the general factors and the specific factors of intelligence. The D.E.L.I. theory of intelligence and learning states intelligence and learning in terms of a complex adaptive communication system.
· S.O.C. and Morphogenetic Fields in
Psychotherapy
mailto:forsucci@riu.edu
Abstract:
The theory of Self Organized Criticality (Per Bak) well exemplified in the classical model of the sand-pile is fundamental also because of the definition of self-organizing processes and fractal organization as results of dynamic interactions. As a system receives the proper flux of energy the result is that it situate itself in a dynamic regime in which self-organization must happen. The result is the birth of morphogenetic fields and resonances. This dynamic assumption has a basic meaning for all the psychotherapeutic practice, beyond the disciplinary boundaries (cognitive, psychoanalytic, family, humanistic etc.). The fundamental implication of SOC in psychotherapy is that you, as a psychotherapist, can bring the system which includes yourself and the other, towards a stable point or cycle attractor by means of a renormalizing deterministic pressure. This is the more common result if you want to dominate the process. Otherwise, you may want to add a flux of interactive energy, language and imagery bringing the interactional field into a state of SOC and morphogenetic resonance. In this state self-organization can happen and the therapeutic partners (therapist included) can change. Examples and topological graphs will be provided.
· Using Approach/Withdrawl Temperament (A/W)
as a Specific Instance of Temperament, a Theoretical Model of Temperament as a
Complex Dynamical System
mailto:partridg@horizon.hit.net,tpartrid@kumc.edu
Abstract:
Using approach / withdrawal temperament (A/W) as a specific instance of
temperament, a theoretical model of temperament as a complex dynamic system is
proposed. Developmental contextualism serves as a guiding theory in determining
the structural components of the system and Kauffman's (1992) Boolean models of
self-organization are adapted to estimate the parameter functions. In this
model P(A/W)=f(f,q) where P(A/W) is the probability density function of an
approach or a withdrawal response, f is a standardized parameter estimate of
the biological sensitivity to stimulation, and q is a standardized parameter
estimate of the contextual response to an approach or withdrawal response. It
is hypothesized that the functions of f and q follow a Hill function of the
forms:
df/dt = (q2/c2+q2) - K1f dq/dt = (K2f2/c2 + f2) - K3q
This results in a double sigmoid function in which at extreme values of f and q the system stabilizes on a steady state of either approach or withdrawal response patterns. At intermediate parameter values the probability density functions of approach and withdrawal responses are wider. Thus, A/W can be modeled as representing two basins of attraction separated by a fractal separatrix. In addition, considerations are given to the systems sensitivity to initial conditions.
Abstract:
· Confronting Complexity in the Wild:
Principled Study of Real Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
mailto:rjjps@uno.edu
Abstract:
This full-day workshop is designed for those who are familiar with basic concepts but who wish to deepen their understanding in ways that facilitate its application. The objective is to aid workshop participants in formulating new ways to conceptualize and study nonlinear systems in their individual areas of interest. A tutorial review will be incorporated into demonstrations and discussions of a representative sampling of study designs and data analysis methods.
Topical Outline:
· The Complex System Menagerie: A field guide for identification.
· Strange Tracks: Temporal dynamics and time series analysis.
· Stalking Structure: Fractal dynamics and measures of dimension.
· Capture and Study: Catastrophes, cusps, and similar creatures.
· Virtual Taxidermy: Models, automata, and surrogate data.
· Breeding, Training, and Release: Controlling chaos in Jurassic Park.
Robert J. Porter, Ph.D. is Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of New Orleans; Clinical Professor Emeritus, Otorhinolaryngology and Biocommunication, LSU Medical School; and President, Lambda Consulting. Bob is currently President Elect of the Society, has over 25 years of experience teaching and consulting in laboratory and field research. He specializes in difficult problems in research design and data inter-pretation in the behavioral and social sciences.
· Deterministic Chaos and Rationality in
Library Organizations: Elements of Choice and Decision Making in
Nonprofit-Organizations
mailto:bibliotekscentrum@bicsv.se
mailto:medvinsky@venus.iteb.serpukhov.su
Abstract:
The methods for searching optimal solutions in decision situations are mostly studied in classical mathematics (probability processes and statistical methods) and in mathematical programming of computers. The decision as an object seems in this framework to be the solution often made with respect to only one or two aspects or criterions. But we have found, that the decision making in our case studies should be evaluated from a different point of view. We could see that the deterministic chaos combined with rationality (corporate memory) play an important role in decision making in Nonprofit-Organizations. The bifurcation model shows that the starting point in the neoclassical analysis as a strict seperation of the worlds of data and choice has to be transformed to the interactional world of evolutions. The evolution points are in our model the bifurcation points: Information about the structural data is therefore also the information about the consequenses of any decision. Adding the growing importance of unintended side effects and of the interactions of decision makers we have to study the complexity of the decision process in terms of the deterministic chaos.
Keywords: Deterministic Chaos, Bifurkation Structure, Corporate Memory, Decision Making, Nonprofit-Organization, Rationality
References
Quast, D.;"From Statistics to Dynamical Chaos - Some Theoretical Thoughts about Modern Aspects in Library Research Methods" in Swedish Library Research, vol 1994:4, p.12, Geteborg 1994
Quast, D.;"Neural Fuzzy Networks - Reasoning with Uncertainty", in Swedish Library Research, vol 1995:1, p.27, Geteborg, 1995
Quast,D.;"Fuzzyneurala n¤tverk - informationsbehandling p¥ hj¤rnans vis"[engl: Fuzzyneural Networks - Informationhandling like the Human Brain], in Tidskrift fer Doku- mentation, vol 50, p.111, Stockholm, 1995
Quast, D.;"Rationality, Neural Nets and Deterministic Chaos - Knowledge Organization for the Human Mind" in Swedish Library Research, vol 1996:2-3, p.43, Geteborg, 1996
· Modelling Brain Function at Self-Organised
Criticality
mailto:D.Rail
Abstract:
The fact the brain has to be self-organised and functions optimally at criticality (self-organising criticality (SOC)) puts severe constraints on any model. Global and local (neural net) models of SOC have lead to a reevaluation of brain function. A major finding is that networks self-organise forming fractal spatial and temporal structures which subserve integrated function. They can be modelled as fractal space time (FST). Although theory indicates FST is central to an understanding of self-organisation in the brain its precise role is ill-defined. We address this issue in three parts. First, we examine the basis for critical function, which we propose is the maintenance of the conceptual base (models) above a certain level of fitness. Second, we analyse how the maintenance of the conceptual base at criticality is a function of avalanches forming FST. We propose that avalanche dynamics can lead to more effective models by means of a chaos to order transformation selecting the extreme statistics in the system (extremals). The relation between information and FST is further defined by Nottale’s model of structure formation in chaotic systems. We conclude that information in the form of the wave function is attached to a complex plane formed at each point of FST. The third section studies how the scale invariance of avalanches is determined. We propose that an iterative (renormalisation) process is necessary. The importance of FST is underlined by the fact that it is the physical basis of the complex plane, meaning that the formation of new models is an iteration on the complex plane. The implications of the model are discussed.
· Emotion Self Organization and The Stream of
Consciousness
mailto:ramsay@oise.utoronto.ca
Abstract:
The proposed symposium attempts to bring together theoretical perspectives and research paradigms concerning the nature of cognition-emotion interaction in real and developmental time developed by the Self -Organizing Developmental Systems group at OISE-UT. A dynamic systems/self-organization framework is employed in the work of each of the presenters. There are two overall themes. First is the examination and critique of current theorizing regarding cognition-emotion interaction and dyadic interpersonal interaction across both real and developmental time. It is argued that the dynamic systems framework is the most profitable means of conceptualizing cognition-emotion interaction. Second, but no less important, are the methodology and statistical methods which allow for the empirical validation of dynamic systems principles. The common goal of our empirical and theoretical paths to converge upon a new way of conceptualizing psychological processes as they unfold in real and developmental time. We feel that the self-organization approach provides insights into the nature of psychological process that are missed by traditional methodologies.
In the first paper, Lewis and Lamey present research on infant social-emotional development that employs a novel methodology for identifying attractors of behaviour in infant mother dyads. The paper is unique in that it is one of the first to apply a dynamic systems methodology to infant-mother interaction, and provides insights into socioemotional development that are missed by more conventional methodologies.
The second paper, by Alex V. Lamey is a critical exploration of the topological landscape metaphor as it pertains to statistical analyses. It expands on the theoretical and mathematical underpinnings of the aforementioned Lewis and Lamey study. Lamey argues for an adaptation of the null hypothesis standard for identifying attractors and basins and plotting a behavioural trajectory through a "probabilistic landscape".
The third paper, by Jorge Sousa is an empirical investigation of Fogel's concept of the self-organization of consensual frames, specifically patterns of mutual agreement in adult dyadic communication. The study uses a state space grid methodology to examine the self-organization of consensual frames in terms of gaze patterns and affect. Results favor a dynamic systems model of cognition-emotion interaction.
The fourth paper, by Isabel Granic applies the concept of hysteresis or 'latency of a system to bifurcate' in mother-child dyads who were referred to a treatment program for aggressive children. Time sequential analyses were used to determine the degree of hysteresis following the onset of a timed cue or 'perturbation' given to the dyad. The results will be discussed in terms of how interventions may be designed to capture the dynamic nature of parent child interactions.
The final paper, by Jason Ramsay and Marc Lewis will examine the theoretical implication of applying a dynamic systems framework to the relationship between emotion and consciousness. It is argued that contemporary theories of consciousness ignore both the primary role of emotion in guiding and energizing awareness and attention and the dynamic flux that characterizes the phenomenology of conscious awareness. A dynamic systems model of cognition-emotion interaction will be developed and embedded in a phenomenology of consciousness that draws from James' stream of consciousness metaphor. Implications for the study of conscious process will be discussed.
The five papers that form this symposium present a serious theoretical and empirical effort to model classically studied issues in developmental psychology and cognition-emotion theory in terms of the dynamic systems framework. The goal of the symposium is to present methodologies that move empirical investigation further from descriptive paradigm to one which is wholeheartedly quantitative.
· A Relational Model of Organizations
mailto:Rogerlewin@aol.com
Abstract:
Business organizations are complex adaptive systems, and as such are likely to display dynamics that are common to all such systems. [1] Fundamental to such systems is the phenomenon of emergence of high-level order from low-level interactions among so-called autonomous agents, guided by a few simple rules. In the business context we are therefore concerned about the dynamics that emerge from the interactions among people in the workplace, or, more properly, from various kinds of relationships that occur in the workplace. Traditional management has illustrated these relationships with static organizational charts. More recently, these charts have been recognized as presenting only one aspect of organizational dynamics, that of the formal structure; a second, informal, culture of relationships is acknowledged as being at least as important, perhaps even more so. [2] A more complete understanding of the various domains of relationships, and their consequences, is therefore required in order to achieve greater insight into organizational dynamics. We are developing a relational model of organizations, based on a naturalistic study of ten business organizations (in the United States, Britain, Germany, and Australia) that either explicitly or implicitly embrace complexity theory. We conducted longitudinal in-depth interviews with a selection of people in each organization, from CEOs to secretaries, and, guided by a complexity theory principles, listened for where people placed value in the workplace. Consistently, people placed value on various kinds of relationships in the workplace. The data for our analysis are linguistic, that is through listening to the words people use and the way people talk about their interactions within and between organizations.
Others have recognized the value of a people-oriented approach to management, [3, 4] including within the complexity context. [2,5] But our work goes further, because we identify the structure of relationships in the workplace, and discuss organizational dynamics that emerge from them. We identify five domains of relationship: relationship to oneself, to others, to the organization (or CEO), to other organizations and the community, and ultimately to the global ecosystem, or environmental awareness. For each of these we propose a single parameter as a measure of the relationship: they are, respectively: presence, mutuality, purpose, interdependence, and responsibility. These parameters may provide an opportunity for developing a more human-oriented, as opposed to the traditionally economics-oriented, simulation model of firms, because it is possible, in principle, to incorporate them in an agent-based model, such as Axtell and Epstein's Sugarscape model [6].
We observed that CEO's and managers in companies that pay attention to and value relationships typically operate by a few simple rules: these include demonstrating respect, creating opportunities, and valuing time spent talking with and listening to coworkers. Guided by these simple rules, a culture of care and connection emerges in the organization, with little disruptive politicking. We heard repeatedly that such a culture generates a sense of community, one in which people claimed to have a greater willingness to change and less resistance to adapting to changes. Community also taps into people's "tribal instinct" [7]--their deep desire to belong to something greater than themselves and to contribute to the whole. And as a collective identity, a community is more capable of intelligent action than any one individual. Culture as an emergent property influences the level of creativity, efficiency and productivity that is possible; and it is the source of an organization's capacity to adapt, to change, and be flexible.
References
1. S.A. Kauffman, At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1996.
2. R.D. Stacey, Complexity and Creativity in Organizations, Berrett-Koehler, 1996.
3. J.K. Fletcher, "Relational theory in the workplace," working paper No: 77, 1996, The Stone Center, Wellesley College.
4. K.L. Weick. "Collective mind in organizations: heedful integrating on flight decks." Administrative Science Quarterly. 1993; 30:357-381.
5. M.J. Wheatley and M. Kellner-Rogers, A Simpler Way, Berrett-Koehler, 1996.
6. J. M. Epstein and R. Axtell, Growing Artificial Societies, The MIT Press, 1996.
7. E.O Wilson, On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, 1978.
· Using Fractal Dimension to Assess Changes in
Breathing Patterns of Cetaceans Caused by Environmental Situations
mailto:xrifa@psi.ub.es
Abstract:
It is amply accepted that dolphins do not have the breathing reflex. So we can use the breathing pattern as an ethological variable, measured as a time series of apnea durations between breaths. This pattern could be modified by environmental conditions, which produce different breathing patterns depending on the situation's characteristics. Captivity offers the possibility of registering variables in different conditions. We have registered apnea durations in two females (Moana and Nica) of Bottelnose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) under two different conditions. Under the first one (Relaxed Condition) the animals were quietly swimming in a round pool, and under the second one (Stressed Condition) the dolphins showed a clearly nervous behavior while the pool was being emptied. Some results, using classical statistics, do not show differences in similar data sets and conditions. For this reason we have used fractal dimension to find differences between conditions. Our expectations were to find high dimensionality during the stressed condition because, under these circumstances, the attention of animals to environmental variables increases, this fact influencing dolphins' behavior. On the other hand, a low dimensionality was expected during the relaxed condition when only a few number of environmental variables affect dolphins' behavior. Fractal dimension estimates show differences between conditions following our expectations. These differences are very clear in Moana's registrations but not in Nica's registrations.
· The Complex Adapted Mind: Rediscovering the
Mind with Complexity and Evolutionary Psychology
mailto:michaelroot@juno.com
Abstract:
This paper concentrates on creating an amalgamation between complexity theory and the new field of evolutionary psychology. The express concern is to create a nascent theoretical framework for exploring the process of designing the human mind. In this view, the mind is seen as a set of information-processing machines that were designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. Complexity theory will be introduced, as outlined by John Holland in "Hidden Order", to augment this information-processing view of the mind.
· The Common Everyday Trance: Is Hypnotic
Susceptibility a Quasi-Periodic Function
mailto:rossi@earthlink.net
Abstract:
NA
· The Dynamics of Visual Word Perception
mailto:rueckl@psych.psy.uconn.edu
Abstract:
In this paper we develop a neo-Gestaltian dynamical theory of visual word identification. According to our account, word perception is a dynamical process satisfying a potential function that is shaped by several components, including the reader's knowledge, the visual input, and contextual constraints. We will also present a series of experiments using an experimental paradigm in which stimuli are partially covered by a random dot mask that varies in density. These experiments provide a vehicle for relating theoretical components of the perceiver's potential function to experimental manipulations. Moreover, in the results of these experiments demonstrate several key properties of the word identification system, including multistability and hysteresis.
· Novelty-Generating Biotic Patterns Beyond
Chaos Model Psychocardiological and Economic Processes
mailto:hsabelli@rush.edu
Abstract:
Process theory [Sabelli et al, J. Mind and Behavior, 1997] postulates that action and opposition are universal, necessary, and sufficient to create novel, complex and diverse patterns. Co-creation by the interaction of complementary opposite actions is modelled by the process equation At+1 = At + (g * sinAt) [Kauffman and Sabelli, Proc. ISSS, 1997; Cybernetics and Systems, 1998], where At is action (temporal change in free energy), the sine function feedback represents the cyclic alternation of complementary opposites, and g is the gain of this bipolar feedback. Iteration produces steady states, periods, and chaos, and, at higher g, "biotic" patterns. This new type of pattern is complex, diverse, and less recurrent than random, thereby resembling physiological time series; it is more sensitive than chaos to initial conditions, and it contains chaos as a component (the series _At =At1 -At is chaotic). The equation also generates significant numerical constants: pi, the golden ratio, and Feigenbaum's constant. Only bipolar and symmetric opposites generate biotic patterns; asymmetric opposites (as generated by the modified equation At+1 = At + (g * (q + sinAt)), where q represents the asymmetry of opposites) generate simpler biotic patterns with trend ("parabiotic") that resemble those obtained with economic data.
· Process Methods in Psychiatry: Combining Neurohormone
Replacement with Co-Creative Behavior
mailto:hsabelli@rush.edu
Abstract:
According to process theory, biological processes have priority while social and psychological processes have supremacy [Sabelli et al Amer. J. Psychiatry, 1989; Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 1991]. Thus depression can be produced by metabolic causes or by conflict. Depression is a reduction in behavior and energy; also physiological patterns show decreased variation, as it will be illustrated here with studies of heart rate (N = 20). As biological and psychological processes both are physical actions, even psychologically-triggered depressions have metabolic consequences. PEA metabolism is markedly altered by emotions. Correcting metabolic dysfunctions is necessary, but not always sufficient. Phenylethylamine (PEA) is a neurohormone that promotes energy and elevates mood. Sixty % of patients with major unipolar or bipolar depression, N =80) have a reduction in PEA metabolism. PEA replacement is effective in relieving depression in 60% of depressed patients (N= 34) in a matter of hours or days, without toxic effects, tolerance or abuse [Sabelli et al, J. Neuropsychiatry, 1994, 1995, 1996]. PEA replacement is a physiological treatment of depression (as contrasted to treatment with synthetic or botanical drugs).
We apply these concepts to comprehensive patient care. First increase energy and change by treating biological dysfunction with PEA replacement, and if inadequate, with antidepressants. Second, address family and work conflicts with co-creation strategies. Third address intrapsychic conflicts by promoting initiative and creativity.
· A theory of natural creation. Entropy
Increase Drives Evolution Towards an Infinite Cosmic Attractor
mailto:hsabelli@rush.edu
Abstract:
Embryological development is genetically determined but it is also creative, generating unique individuals. Process theory suggests that this concept of creative development may be extended to cosmological and biological evolution, as resulting from an inevitable generation of novelty and complexity. (1) The increase in entropy postulated by the second law implies greater symmetry and diversity, not disordering. Comparing a wide range of experimental and computer-generated time series indicates that entropy H =- k S Pi log2 (Pi) is a function of their diversity and symmetry, not their order. (2) The generation of novelty can be demonstrated as lower than random recurrence rate [Carlson-Sabelli et al, this meeting] in both cardiac and economic data. (3) Biotic patterns can be generated by the process equation At+1 = At + (g * (q+sinAt)) indicating that action and complementary opposition together are sufficient to generate novelty. (4) The patterns generated are more complex when the opposites are diverse (wide range = high g) and symmetric (q = 0) [Sabelli and Kauffman, this meeting]. (5) Action, and complementary opposition, are ever-present in natural processes.
Evolution from simple to complex may thus be determined by interactions. Interactions necessarily create unpredictable novelty, diversity and complexity. Processes spontaneously evolve from simple cosmic forms (action, opposition) to a Cosmic Attractor of infinite complexity. Nature gives life to God.
· CANCELLED-A Theory of Natural Creation
mailto:hsabelli@rush.edu
Shigenori Shirouzu, Yasutami Tsuda, & Hisanobu Sugano, Kagoshima University
· CANCELLED-Dimensional Analysis and
Suroggate-Data Testing of Task and No-Task Human EEG
mailto:tr2s-ucd@asahi-net.or.jp
Abstract:
The aim of this study are 1) to clarify whether EEG signals are chaotic or not, and 2) to find a new measure of EEG signals representing the degree of mental relaxation. EEG signals were measured from the 19 loci of international 10-20 methods with and without task (subtract 13 from 1000 in mind) in 20 subjects. Correlation dimensions of these EEG signals (duration time = 10 seconds) were calculated with Judd's method. Surrogate data (SD) were prepared by amplitude adjusted Fourier transform method. At present, analysis of closed-eyes(ce) EEG signal sets of 4 subjects and open-eyes(oe) EEG signal sets of 2 subjects and SD test of oe EEG signal of 1 subject are finished.
Increases of dimensions due to task were observed in 2 ce subjects and 1 oe subject, while rest of subjects (2 ce and 1 oe) showed no remarkable change with the task.
The comparison of ce and oe results in a subject were performed in 1 subject so far, and in this case, oe results showed higher dimensions than those of ce.
SD test was performed for oe data set of above subject. At most 10 SD sets were generated in total. In task, dimension of SD sets fallen to those of original data within several initial tries. On the contrary, in no-task, dimensions of all the 10 SD were apart from those of original data in most points. These results may suggest that EEG signals with lower dimensions are chaotic or EEG signals at relaxed state are chaotic.
· Developing Knowledge Through Dialog - The
Sencorp Management Model
mailto:slocum@sencorp.com
mailto:scott@sencorp.com,frondorf@sencorp.com
Abstract:
Unlike previous management models discussed in literature, this model allows for, and stimulates, simultaneous "survival" and "advancement" activities. Advancement activities revolve around developing knowledge and options for the firm. Survival denotes those activities that are necessary for the routine, on-going activities of the organization, i.e. the implementation of selected options. Therefore, in contrast to traditional management models, the SENCORP model interconnects the management of knowledge development in an organization with the management of operations, through a network of scaled decisions.
The model description emerged through organizational dialog. The dialog process, which continues today, is the primary mechanism for organizational knowledge development and advancement. It allows the company to draw upon the individual knowledge of its employees and to consider a wide-range of subject matter.
The logic, the structure and the dynamic characteristics of the model are closely related to the theories of fractal geometry and the science of complex adaptive systems. It is based on organizational management being a replica of individual management. That is, the same model that is used to manage oneself is the model that is used to manage an organization of individuals. It describes a single set of management responsibilities: thinking, deciding and implementing. At every decision point in the organization, there is a scaled replication of this set. Therefore, the model can be applied in any form of the organization and at any scale within an organization.
· The Self-Organization of Consensual Frames: Gaze Patterns and Affect as Two Constituents in the Co-regulation of a Dyadic Interaction
Abstract:
During a dyadic interaction, the communication between individuals is continuous and changing. The changes occur in the content and the construction of frames. Fogel (1993) examined the co-regulation of patterns of mutual agreement, i.e. consensual frames, during dyadic interactions. He proposed that consensual frames are related to the content and construction of meaning created by two individuals during a self-organizing interaction. However, no empirical studies have examined this proposition with adult dyads using dynamic systems principles and methods. The current study uses a state space grid methodology (Lewis, 1998) to examine the self-organization of consensual frames. Videotape data collected from dyadic interactions are analyzed using the state space grid methodology. This study hypothesizes that the self-organization of consensual frames can be represented by the interaction of gaze patterns and affect during a dyadic interaction. Two state space grids are created and analyzed, one for each participant in each dyad. Preliminary results indicate that gaze patterns and affect interact in a dynamic manner converging to an attractor on each grid in rough synchrony.
· The Value of the Irrational
mailto:sulisw@mcmaster.ca,sulisw@mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA
mailto:RROBERTSON@worldnet.att.net
mailto:101515.2411@compuserve.com
Abstract:
Irrationality has long been viewed as the enemy of mankind, and rationality as its savior. Yet time and again, people choose the seemingly irrational over the rational. Why? Perhaps rationality is not always capable of dealing with the complex situations we encounter in the real world. Perhaps these irrational decision-making processes have evolved over time and are rooted in the deepest functions of the brain/mind. In particular, characteristics of irrational decision making are exhibited by a particular form of naturally occurring computational system, the collective intelligence. This panel argues that the specialized dynamics of the collective intelligence - stochasticity, non hierarchical organization, interacting subprocesses, and contextual dependency - may also underlie the irrational processes observed in humans and organizations.
· Archetypal Dynamics
mailto:sulisw@mcmaster.ca,sulisw@mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA
Abstract:
NA
· The Impact of the "New Sciences"
on the Understanding of Psychological Type
mailto:HPSys@aol.com
Abstract:
Is psychological Type really a system? Do we need to understand the new sciences-systems theory, chaos theory and quantum mechanics and non-linear dynamics-to understand Type preference? How will the new sciences change our concept of Type as we move into the new millennium? This dynamic, thought- provoking, multimedia presentation of the new sciences and psychological Type causes "Type dynamics" to take on new meaning as a systems model of Type manifests out of a web of functions, attitudes, shadows, archetypes and energy flows.
Systems theory is introduced by looking at Jung's typology system as well as theoretical approaches from contemporary typologists and Jungians such as Newman, Marshall, Lowen , Beebe, Spoto and Loomis. This is followed by a brief look at what have been called the new sciences and their relationship to systems. The material will be presented in a dramatic, interactive and multimedia format.
During the course of the presentation participants will engage in an innovative sequence of interactions that will result in the emergence of a "Type" from the audience. The Type that emerges is totally dependent on the interaction of the audience members' Type preferences. This is a dramatic, experiential evolution of an MBTIR Type System using artificial intelligence software technology that helps explain sudden changes from "normal" Type behavior to being "in the grip." Chaos within the Type system and the resulting psychological Type produced by the "strange attractor" within the psyche will be discussed.
The presentation is based on Dr. Thompson's forthcoming book on psychological Type as a system and will present a "true" nonlinear systems model of psychological Type that incorporates Jungian/Myers-Briggs theories into a unified whole. It stimulates new perspectives and thinking about how Type development and Type dynamics actually play out in our lives and how we will view Type in the new millennium.
· Characteristics of Information that are
Required by a Complex Human System
mailto:Karl.Toifl@akh-wien.ac.at
Abstract:
In this talk I would like to deal with some of the essential characteristics of information. Both general characteristics and the particular significance of information for selforganizing processes in human system will be discussed. The relationship between the above and energy, structure and function will be stressed.
· Hearts and Minds: A Dynamical Approach to
Emotions and Patterns of Physiological Responsiveness
mailto:A3T@aol.com
Abstract:
The Hearts & Minds educational research explores emotions children experience as they learn. It examines how different educational processes and activities mediate the experience of emotion and how these emotions encourage or restrain children's ability to learn. The project builds on previous and present research seeking to identify characteristic patterns, in the autonomic nervous system associated with specific emotions: blood pressure; facial expressions; skin conductance (Ekman, Izard, Davidson). The objective is to: 1) search for evidence of correlation between particular emotions and patterns of variability in the heart's R-R intervals (RRI --the time between heartbeats) as examined and quantified through recurrence plot analysis (RPA -- see below), and 2) consider how these patterns vary among diverse student populations (culture, gender, physical ability).
Autonomic nervous system patterns associated with emotions often, are indistinguishable from each other because unstable or irregular drifts in the data, transitions between states, and quasi-periodicity in the dynamics of physiological systems stymie standard pattern-seeking approaches. The pattern- disambiguating ability of recurrence plot analysis (RPA) appears to be superior to standard methods. RPA takes single physiological measurements (i.e.: R-R intervals), projects them, through embedding procedures, into multidimensional space and makes visible time-correlations (recurrences) not perceivable in one-dimensional time series. Webber and Zbilut's enhanced RPA technique computes six specific recurrence variables to quantify the deterministic structure and complexity of the plots. It diagnoses complex patterns found commonly in physiological systems; reveals unpredictable rhythms in otherwise innocuous time series despite drifts in the data or quasi-periodicity in a system's behavior; functions with either linear or nonlinear data sets; can detect transitions in a system's activity; can be used on relatively small input data sets; and the statistical distribution of its input data can take on any configuration -- Gaussian/non-Gaussian. Three experiments were conducted by the principal investigator (PI) to substantiate the validity of RPA when applied to emotions (First, ten Kindergartners engaged in several classroom activities -- five monolinguals and five bilinguals; and second, twelve children (3 girls and 3 boys in two separate experiments), ages 9 to 15 played three videogames ranging in level of violence from "none" to "extremely violent"). The focus, methods, findings, and implications of these experiments are discussed in this presentation.
· The Complexity and Challenge of Perception-action.
Abstract:
· The Syllable as a Unit of Speech Production
mailto:p.vanlieshout@utoronto.ca
Abstract:
The syllable as a unit of speech production has received much attention in a (psycho) linguistic and motor control literature. In a recent experiment by Sevald, Dell, & Cole (1995) it was shown that repetition of the same syllable structure in non-word sequences, regardless of its phonetic context, facilitated verbalization. This result was interpreted as evidence for the existence of a separate syllable schema, providing a skeleton framework for the to be inserted phonemes. Syllable structure has also been addressed from a dynamical point of view, thereby focusing on the CV unit as an organizational unit where consonant productions are organized within the context of vowel-to-vowel cycles (Tuller & Kelso, 1984; Van Lieshout, Hulstijn, Alfonso, & Peters, 1997). It is this aspect that is addressed in the study that will be described in this paper.
Based on the paradigm used by Sevald et al. (1995), four subjects were asked to reiterate at a fast rate sequences of a monosyllable and disyllable non-word. The sequences differed in the way the structure (CV or CVC) of the monosyllable was repeated or changed in the first syllable of the second non-word. If it was repeated, the phonetic context was either the same or different. The dynamic coupling between upper and lower lip was measured in using continuous estimates of relative phase values. The results show a clear effect of syllable structure on the dynamic coupling of the lips in lip closure gestures. First of all, sequences where the CV syllable was repeated, regardless of its phonetic context, showed more symmetric couplings (relative phase values around 180 degrees out-of-phase), but higher standard deviations, whereas sequences with repeating CVC syllables, showed more asymmetric couplings (stronger upper lip lead) with lower standard deviations. These changes were accompanied by faster repetition rates for the CV sequences as compared to the CVC sequences. In case the syllable structure was not repeated in the first syllable of the second non-word, relative phase values and repetition rates were in general somewhere in between the values found for CV and CVC sequences, but often they showed higher standard deviations. Possible explanations for these effects will be discussed in more detail, in particular focussing on the dynamics of speech gestures as in contrast to the more linguistic interpretations suggested by Sevald et al. (1995).
References
Sevald, C.A., Dell, G.S., & Cole, J.S. (1995). Syllable structure in speech production: Are syllables chunks or schemas? Journal of Memory and Language, 34(6), 807-820.
Tuller, B., & Kelso, J.A.S. (1984). The production and perception of syllable structure. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 501-508.
Van Lieshout, P.H.H.M., Hulstijn, W., Alfonso, P.J., & Peters, H.F.M. (1997). Higher and lower order influences on the stability of the dynamic coupling between articulators. In W. Hulstijn, H.F.M. Peters, & P.H.H.M. van Lieshout (eds.), Speech production: Motor control, brain research and fluency disorders (pp. 161-170). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elservier Science Publishers.
· Creativity, Panic Attacks, and States of
Awe: A Model from Nonlinear Dynamics
mailto:70701.2172@compuserve.com,tobi_zausner@earthlink.net,TOBI_ZAUSNER@compuserve.com
Abstract:
Panic attacks and awe are both non ordinary states. Awe, found in organized religions, spiritual traditions, and personal reports of rapture, is regarded as positive and transformative, but panic is seen as negative. Yet panic attacks may have aspects in common with the creative process and also may contain the seeds for individuation. The dynamics of panic attacks and awe are examined using models from chaos theory and examples of art.
· Evidence for Self-organization in Human
Visual Cortex During Perceptual Skill Learning: A Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Study
mailto:zhuangjc@s1000.psych.ac.cn
Abstract:
We investigated the local BOLD signal change in the MT (motion perception) and fusiform (color perception) cortex area during three 172-second fMRI scans with each 4 leaning blocks and 4 control blocks. Between the first and the second scan was about 2-minute interval, and between the second and the third scan was five times 2-minute no-scanned learning. 5 healthy volunteers were required to learn the matching relations between 10 colors and 10 motion patterns of the displayed rectangle bars. The control stimuli were the presented stationary bars of the same gray degree as that of learned moving colored bars. The performances of the subjects during learning tasks were recorded. Six axial slices were acquired (gradient EPI, TR=2000msec, TE=60msec, FOV=220mm, Matrix 128x128, slice thickness 7mm, and slice spacing 0.5mm) on a 1.5T MRI system (GE Signal Horizon, US). The cross-correlation (r>0.5 and p<0.01) method of Stimulate software package was applied in the data post-processing.
All participants' results indicate both the activated MT and fusiform areas were larger in the second scan than in the first scan, and they decreased in the third scan while the subjects' performances reached the 100% accuracy. The expansion of the visual cortical population in this short-term learning can't be explained as the expansion in the slowly evolving stage in Karni et al.'s visual learning study (1995), but is consistent with the findings of the experience-dependent self-organization in visual cortex (Singer, 1993). It supports the fluctuation self-amplification hypothesis in the slaving principle theory. An adaptive resonance model (Grossberg, 1987) has been applied to simulate this initial switch from enhanced to reduced activation of the visual cortex in our fMRI study.
References
Grossberg S., Cognitive Science, 1987, 11: 23-63.
Karni A., Weisberg J., Lalonde F., Ungerlerder LG., Soc.Neurosci.Abstr.1995, 21:276.
Singer W., Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1993, 55: 349-374.